Search by property

This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

Glycerophosphate shuttle + ([[File:Gp-shuttle.jpg|left|200px|Gp]] The … [[File:Gp-shuttle.jpg|left|200px|Gp]]The '''glycerophosphate shuttle''' makes cytoplasmic NADH available for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Cytoplasmic NADH reacts with dihydroxyacetone phosphate catalyzed by cytoplasmic glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. On the outer face of the inner mitochondrial membrane, [[glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex]] (mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase) oxidizes glycerophosphate back to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a reaction not generating NADH but reducing a flavin prosthesic group. The reduced flavoprotein transfers its reducing equivalents into the [[Q-junction]], thus representing a [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].[[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].)
Water + ([[File:H2O.jpg|left|60px|Water]] '''Water' … [[File:H2O.jpg|left|60px|Water]]'''Water''', H2O, is widely used in the laboratory, particularly as a solvent and cleaning agent. Chemically pure water is prepared in various grades of purification: double distilled water (ddH2O) versus distilled water (dH2O or [[aqua destillata]], a.d.) and deionized or demineralized water (diH2O) with various combination purification methods. When H2O is mentioned without further specification in published protocols, it is frequently assumed that the standards of each laboratory are applied as to the quality of purified water. Purification is not only to be controlled with respect to salt content and corresponding electrical conductivity (ultra-pure water: 5.5 μS/m due to H+ and OH- ions), but also in terms of microbial contamination. 5.5 μS/m due to H+ and OH- ions), but also in terms of microbial contamination.)
Hydrogen peroxide + ([[File:H2O2.jpg|left|60px|Hydrogen peroxid … [[File:H2O2.jpg|left|60px|Hydrogen peroxide]]'''Hydrogen peroxide''', H2O2 or dihydrogen dioxide, is one of several reactive oxygen intermediates generally referred to as [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS). It is formed in various enzyme-catalyzed reactions (''e.g.'', [[superoxide dismutase]]) with the potential to damage cellular molecules and structures. H2O2 is dismutated by [[catalase]] to water and [[oxygen]]. H2O2 is produced as a signaling molecule in aerobic metabolism and passes membranes more easily compared to other ROS. is produced as a signaling molecule in aerobic metabolism and passes membranes more easily compared to other ROS.)
International Mito Patients (IMP) + ([[File:IMP LOGO.JPG|150px]]The '''Internat … [[File:IMP LOGO.JPG|150px]]The '''International Mito Patients''' is a network of national patient organizations involved in mitochondrial disease. Mitochondrial disease is a rare disease with a limited number of patients per country. The national patient organizations which are a member of IMP each are active and powerful in their own countries. By joining forces IMP can represent a large group of patients and as such be their voice on an international level. be their voice on an international level.)
IRDiRC + ([[File:IRDiRC.png|150px]] The Internationa … [[File:IRDiRC.png|150px]] The International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) teams up researchers and organizations investing in rare diseases research in order to achieve two main objectives by the year 2020, namely to deliver 200 new therapies for rare diseases and means to diagnose most rare diseases. and means to diagnose most rare diseases.)
International Society for Mountain Medicine + ([[File:ISMM.jpg|150px|left|ISMM]]The '''International Society for Mountain Medicine''' is an interdisciplinary society comprising about xx members worldwide. Its purpose is ..)
International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue + ([[File:ISOTT LOGO.jpg|200px|left]] The ''' … [[File:ISOTT LOGO.jpg|200px|left]]The '''International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue''' is an interdisciplinary society comprising about 250 members worldwide. Its purpose is to further the understanding of all aspects of the processes involved in the transport of oxygen from the air to its ultimate consumption in the cells of the various organs of the body. Founded in 1973, the society has been the leading platform for the presentation of many of the technological and conceptual developments within the field both at the meetings themselves and in the proceedings of the society.ves and in the proceedings of the society.)
Isocitrate + ([[File:Isocitrate.png|left|100px|isocitrat … [[File:Isocitrate.png|left|100px|isocitrate]]'''isocitrate''', C6H5O7-3, is a tricarboxylic acid trianion, intermediate of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle|TCA cycle]], obtained by isomerization of citrate. The process is catalyzed by [[aconitase]], forming the enzyme-bound intermediate ''cis''-aconitate.[[aconitase]], forming the enzyme-bound intermediate ''cis''-aconitate.)
E-L coupling efficiency + ([[File:J(E-L).jpg|50 px|E-L coupling effic … [[File:J(E-L).jpg|50 px|E-L coupling efficiency]] The '''''E-L'' coupling efficiency''', ''jE-L'' = (''E-L'')/''E'' = 1-''L/E'', is 0.0 at zero coupling (''L''=''E'') and 1.0 at the limit of a fully coupled system (''L''=0). The background state is the [[LEAK respiration|LEAK]] state which is stimulated to flux in the [[electron transfer pathway]] reference state by [[uncoupler]] titration. LEAK states ''L''N or ''L''T may be stimulated first by saturating ADP (rate ''P'' in the OXPHOS state) with subsequent uncoupler titration to the ET state with maximum rate ''E''. The ''E-L'' coupling efficiency is based on measurement of a [[coupling-control ratio]] ([[LEAK-control ratio]], ''L/E''), whereas the thermodynamic or [[ergodynamic efficiency]] of coupling between ATP production (phosphorylation of ADP to ATP) and oxygen consumption is based on measurement of the output/input flux ratio (P»/O2 ratio) and output/input force ratio (Gibbs force of phosphorylation/Gibbs force of oxidation). The [[biochemical coupling efficiency]] expressed as the ''E-L'' coupling efficiency is independent of kinetic control by the ''E-P'' control efficiency, and is equal to the [[P-L control efficiency |''P-L'' control efficiency]] if ''P=E'' as evaluated in a [[coupling-control protocol]].» [[#Biochemical_coupling_efficiency:_from_0_to_.3C1 | '''MiPNet article''']]#Biochemical_coupling_efficiency:_from_0_to_.3C1 | '''MiPNet article''']])
Biochemical coupling efficiency + ([[File:J(E-L).jpg|50 px|link=E-L coupling … [[File:J(E-L).jpg|50 px|link=E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]] The '''biochemical coupling efficiency''' is the [[E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]], (''E-L'')/''E'' = 1-''L/E''. This is equivalent to the [[P-L control efficiency |''P-L'' control efficiency]], (''P-L'')/''P'' = 1-''L/P'', only at zero [[E-P excess capacity |''E-P'' excess capacity]], when ''P'' = ''E''). The biochemical coupling efficiency is independent of kinetic control by the phosphorylation system.tic control by the phosphorylation system.)
E-P control efficiency + ([[File:J(E-P).jpg|50 px|E-P control effici … [[File:J(E-P).jpg|50 px|E-P control efficiency]] The '''''E-P'' control efficiency''', ''jE-P'' = (''E-P'')/''E'' = 1-''P/E'', is an expression of the relative limitation of [[OXPHOS capacity]] by the capacity of the [[phosphorylation system]]. It is the normalized ''E-P'' excess capacity. ''jE-P'' = 0.0 when OXPHOS capacity is not limited by the phosphorylation system at zero ''E-P'' excess capacity, ''P''=''E'', when the phosphorylation system does not exert any control over OXPHOS capacity. ''jE-P'' increases with increasing control of the phosphorylation system over OXPHOS capacity. ''jE-P'' = 1 at the limit of zero phosphorylation capacity. The [[OXPHOS]] state of mt-preparations is stimulated to [[electron transfer pathway]] capacity ''E'' by [[uncoupler]] titration, which yields the [[E-P excess capacity |''E-P'' excess capacity]].[[E-P excess capacity |''E-P'' excess capacity]].)
P-L control efficiency + ([[File:J(P-L).jpg|50 px|P-L control effici … [[File:J(P-L).jpg|50 px|P-L control efficiency]] The '''''P-L'' control efficiency''' (''P-L'' flux control efficiency) is defined as ''jP-L'' = (''P-L'')/''P'' = 1-''L/P''. [[OXPHOS capacity]] corrected for [[LEAK respiration]] is the [[P-L net OXPHOS capacity]], ''P-L''. The ''P-L'' control efficiency is the ratio of net to total OXPHOS capacity, which is equal to the biochemical ''E-L'' coupling efficiency, if ''P''=''E''. ''jP-L'' = 1.0 for a fully coupled system (when RCR approaches infinity); ''jP-L'' = 0.0 (RCR=1) for a system with zero respiratory phosphorylation capacity (''P-L''=0) or zero [[E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]] (''E-L''=0 when ''L''=''P''=''E''). If [[State 3]] is measured at saturating concentrations of ADP and Pi (State 3 = ''P''), then the [[respiratory acceptor control ratio]] RCR equals ''P/L''. Under these conditions, the respiratory control ratio and ''P-L'' control efficiency are related by a hyperbolic function, ''jP-L'' = 1-RCR-1.» [[#Cell ergometry: OXPHOS-control and ET-coupling efficiency |'''MiPNet article''']][#Cell ergometry: OXPHOS-control and ET-coupling efficiency |'''MiPNet article''']])
R-L control efficiency + ([[File:J(R-L).jpg|50 px|R-L ROUTINE-coupli … [[File:J(R-L).jpg|50 px|R-L ROUTINE-coupling efficiency]]The '''''R-L'' control efficiency''', ''jR-L'' = (''R-L'')/''R'' = 1-''L/R'', is the fraction of [[ROUTINE respiration]] coupled to phosphorylation in living cells. ROUTINE respiration is corrected for [[LEAK respiration]] to obtain the [[R-L net ROUTINE capacity |''R-L'' net ROUTINE capacity]]. The flux control efficiency ''jR-L'' is the ''R-L'' net ROUTINE capacity normalized for the reference rate ''R''. The background state is the [[LEAK respiration|LEAK]] state, and the flux control variable is stimulation to ROUTINE respiration by physiologically controlled ATP turnover in living cells.ration by physiologically controlled ATP turnover in living cells.)
Japanese Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine + ([[File:J-mit.png|100px|left]]The '''Japane … [[File:J-mit.png|100px|left]]The '''Japanese Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine''' (J-mit) was founded to share the latest knowledge on mitochondrial research. J-mit is the biggest Asian society of mitochondrial research and medicine and is a member of [[ASMRM]].[[ASMRM]].)
State 4 + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] '''S … [[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] '''State 4''' is the [[respiratory state]] obtained in isolated mitochondria after [[State 3]], when added [[ADP]] is phosphorylated maximally to [[ATP]] driven by electron transfer from defined respiratory substrates to O2 ([[Chance 1955 JBC-III|Chance and Williams, 1955]]). State 4 represents [[LEAK respiration]], ''L''T (''L'' for [[LEAK respiration]]; T for ATP), or an overestimation of LEAK respiration if [[ATPase]] activity prevents final accumulation of ATP and maintains a continuous stimulation of respiration by recycled ADP. This can be tested by inhibition of ATP synthase by [[oligomycin]]; ''L''Omy). In the [[LEAK state]] (state of non-phosphorylating resting respiration; static head), oxygen flux is decreased to a minimum (corrected for [[ROX]]), and the [[mt-membrane potential]] is increased to a maximum for a specific substrate or substrate combination.] is increased to a maximum for a specific substrate or substrate combination.)
Static head + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] '''S … [[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] '''Static head''' is a [[steady state]] of a system with an input process coupled to an output process (coupled system), in which the output force is maximized at constant input or driving force up to a level at which the conjugated output flow is reduced to zero. ''In an incompletely coupled system, energy must be expended to maintain static head, even though the output is zero'' (Caplan and Essig 1983; referring to output flow at maximum output force). [[LEAK respiration]] is a measure of input flow at static head, when the output flow of phosphorylation (ADP->ATP) is zero at maximum phosphorylation potential (Gibbs force of phosphorylation; [[Gnaiger_1993_Hypoxia|Gnaiger 1993a]]). In a completely coupled system, not only the output flux but also the input flux are zero at static head, which then is a state of ''[[ergodynamic equilibrium]]'' ([[Gnaiger_1993_Pure_Appl_Chem |Gnaiger 1993b]]). Whereas the output force is maximum at ergodynamic equilibrium compensating for any given input force, all forces are zero at ''[[thermodynamic equilibrium]]''. Flows are zero at both types of equilibria, hence entropy production or power (power = flow x force) are zero in both cases, i.e. at thermodynamic equilibrium in general, and at ergodynamic equilibrium of a completely coupled system at static head.f a completely coupled system at static head.)
LEAK state without adenylates + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] In t … [[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] In the '''LEAK state without adenylates''' mitochondrial LEAK respiration, ''L''(n) (n for no adenylates), is measured after addition of substrates, which decreases slowly to the [[LEAK state]] after oxidation of endogenous substrates with no [[adenylates]]. ''L''(n) is distinguished from ''L''(T) and ''L''(Omy).istinguished from ''L''(T) and ''L''(Omy).)
LEAK state with ATP + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The … [[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The '''LEAK state with ATP''' is obtained in mt-preparations without ATPase activity after ADP is maximally phosphorylated to ATP ([[State 4]]; Chance and Williams 1955) or after addition of high ATP in the absence of ADP ([[Gnaiger 2000 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |Gnaiger et al 2000]]). Respiration in the LEAK state with ATP, ''L''(T), is distinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(Omy).istinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(Omy).)
LEAK state with oligomycin + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The … [[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The '''LEAK state with oligomycin''' is a [[LEAK state]] induced by inhibition of ATP synthase by [[oligomycin]]. ADP and ATP may or may not be present. LEAK respiration with oligomycin, ''L''(Omy), is distinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(T). distinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(T).)
LEAK respiration + ([[File:L.jpg]] '''EAK respiration''' or LE … [[File:L.jpg]] '''EAK respiration''' or LEAK oxygen flux ''L'' compensating for [[proton leak]], [[proton slip]], cation cycling and [[electron leak]], is a dissipative component of respiration which is not available for performing biochemical work and thus related to heat production. LEAK respiration is measured in the LEAK state, in the presence of reducing substrate(s), but absence of ADP - abbreviated as ''L''(n) (theoretically, absence of inorganic phosphate presents an alternative), or after enzymatic inhibition of the [[phosphorylation system]], which can be reached with the use of [[oligomycin]] - abbreviated as ''L''(Omy). The '''LEAK state''' is the non-phosphorylating resting state of intrinsic [[Uncoupler|uncoupled]] or [[Dyscoupled respiration|dyscoupled respiration]] when oxygen flux is maintained mainly to compensate for the proton leak at a high chemiosmotic potential, when ATP synthase is not active. In this non-phosphorylating resting state, the electrochemical proton gradient is increased to a maximum, exerting feedback control by depressing oxygen flux to a level determined mainly by the proton leak and the H+/O2 ratio. In this state of maximum protonmotive force, LEAK respiration, ''L'', is higher than the LEAK component of [[OXPHOS capacity]], ''P''. The conditions for measurement and expression of respiration vary ([[oxygen flux]] in the LEAK state, ''J''O2''L'', or [[oxygen flow]], ''I''O2''L''). If these conditions are defined and remain consistent within a given context, then the simple symbol ''L'' for respiratory rate can be used as a substitute for the more explicit expression for respiratory activity.» [[LEAK respiration#LEAK respiration: concept-linked terminology of respiratory states |'''MiPNet article''']][LEAK respiration#LEAK respiration: concept-linked terminology of respiratory states |'''MiPNet article''']])
Malate-anaplerotic pathway control state + ([[File:M.jpg|left|200px|M]] '''M''': [[Mal … [[File:M.jpg|left|200px|M]] '''M''': [[Malate]] alone does not support respiration of mt-preparations if [[oxaloacetate]] cannot be metabolized further in the absence of a source of acetyl-CoA. Transport of oxaloacetate across the inner mt-membrane is restricted particularly in liver. Mitochondrial citrate and 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) are depleted by antiport with malate. [[Succinate]] is lost from the mitochondria through the dicarboxylate carrier. OXPHOS capacity with malate alone is only 1.3% of that with [[PM |Pyruvate&Malate]] in isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. However, many mammalian and non-mammalian mitochondria have a mt-isoform of NADP+- or NAD(P)<big>+</big>-dependent [[malic enzyme]] (mtME), the latter being particularly active in proliferating cells. Then the [[anaplerotic pathway control state]] with malate alone (aN) supports high respiratory activities comparable to the NADH-linked pathway control states (N) with pyruvate&malate or glutamate&malate substrate combinations ([[PM-pathway control state]], [[GM-pathway control state]]).[GM-pathway control state]]).)
PM-pathway control state + ([[File:M.jpg|left|200px|PM]] '''PM''': [[P … [[File:M.jpg|left|200px|PM]] '''PM''': [[Pyruvate]] & [[Malate]].'''MitoPathway control state:''' [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state]]Upstream of the NAD-junction, [[Pyruvate]] (P) is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA and CO2, yielding [[NADH]] catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase. [[Malate]] (M) is oxidized to oxaloacetate by mt-malate dehydrogenase located in the mitochondrial matrix. Condensation of oxaloacate with acetyl-CoA yields citrate (citrate synthase). 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) is formed from isocitrate (isocitrate dehydrogenase).ate) is formed from isocitrate (isocitrate dehydrogenase).)
MITOEAGLE in MitoGlobal + ([[File:MITOEAGLE-representation.jpg|150px|left]] The objective of the '''MitoEAGLE''' network is to improve our knowledge on mitochondrial function in health and disease related to Evolution, Age, Gender, Lifestyle and Environment.)
MitoKit-CII + ([[File:MITOKIT-CII.jpg|right|180px]]'''Cel … [[File:MITOKIT-CII.jpg|right|180px]]'''Cell permeable prodrugs''', composed of [[MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv]] and [[MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv]], stimulates (Snv) or inhibits (Mnanv) mitochondrial respiration in CI-deficient human blood cells, fibroblasts and heart fibres, acting on Complex II of the electron transfer system.omplex II of the electron transfer system.)
Rare New England + ([[File:MNE.jpg|left|110px|MNE]] MNE has tr … [[File:MNE.jpg|left|110px|MNE]]MNE has transitioned into RNE (Rare New England). Rare New England is an organization providing access to support groups, gatherings, events and resources for those affected by Rare Disease and living in the New England area.isease and living in the New England area.)
Mitochondria Research Society + ([[File:MRS LOGO.JPG|250px|left]] The '''Mi … [[File:MRS LOGO.JPG|250px|left]]The '''Mitochondria Research Society''' (MRS) is a nonprofit international organization of scientists and physicians. The purpose of MRS is to find a cure for mitochondrial diseases by promoting research on basic science of mitochondria, mitochondrial pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment through out the world.nosis and treatment through out the world.)
Malate + ([[File:Malic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Malic aci … [[File:Malic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Malic acid]]'''Malic acid''', C4H6O5, occurs under physiological conditions as the anion '''malate2-, M''', with p''K''a1 = 3.40 and p''K''a2 = 5.20. L-Malate is formed from fumarate in the [[TCA cycle]] in the mitochondrial matrix, where it is the substrate of [[malate dehydrogenase]] oxidized to [[oxaloacetate]]. Malate is also formed in the cytosol. It cannot permeate through the lipid bilayer of membranes and hence requires a carrier ([[dicarboxylate carrier]], [[tricarboxylate carrier]] and 2-oxoglutarate carrier). Malate alone cannot support respiration of [[Mitochondrial preparations|mt-preparations]] from most tissues, since oxaloacetate accumulates in the absence of [[pyruvate]] or [[glutamate]].Malate is a [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state |type N substrate]] (N) required for the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state| FAO-pathway]]. In the presence of [[Malate-anaplerotic pathway control state|anaplerotic pathways]] (''e.g.'', [[Malic enzyme|mitochondrial malic enzyme, mtME]]) the capacity of the FAO-pathway can be overestimated due to a contribution of NADH-linked respiration, F(N) (see [[SUIT-002]]).[[SUIT-002]]).)
Mitochondrial European Education Training + ([[File:Meet.jpg|200px|left]] The '''Mitoch … [[File:Meet.jpg|200px|left]] The '''Mitochondrial European Education Training''' (MEET)MEET is a project started on January 2013. MEET network is composed by a multi-partner project that intends to mobilize the critical mass of expertise, by linking partners from 8 different countries, among which 8 world-leading basic science and clinical centers of excellence, an 1 SME with direct interest in mitochondrial medicine and 3 associated partners that provide for all trainees no-scientific training. MEET is training 11 ESRs and 3 ERs coming from all over the world supervised in their research by 15 mentors and by their collaborators. MEET combine the efforts of leading clinicians with those of more basic oriented groups and will have important implications for the comprehension and treatment of mitochondria-related pathologies.tment of mitochondria-related pathologies.)
MiPMap + ([[File:MiPMap Publication.jpg|left|240px|M … [[File:MiPMap Publication.jpg|left|240px|MiPMap]]The project '''Mitochondrial Physiology Map''' (MiPMap) is initiated to provide an overview of mitochondrial properties in cell types, tissues and species. As part of Bioblast, '''MiPMap''' may be considered as an ''information synthase'' for '''Comparative Mitochondrial Physiology'''. Establishing a comprehensive database will require global input and cooperation.''A comparative database of mitochondrial physiology may provide the key for understanding the functional implications of mitochondrial diversity from mouse to man, and evaluation of altered mitochondrial respiratory control patterns in health and disease'' ([[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]).[[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]).)
MiR05-Kit + ([[File:MiR05-Kit.jpg|right|180px]] Mitochondrial Respiration Medium - MiR05-Kit, 1 vial; for a final volume of 250 mL)
MitoCanada Foundation + ([[File:Mito Canada logo tag web2.png|200px … [[File:Mito Canada logo tag web2.png|200px|left|MitoCanada]]The '''MitoCanada Foundation'''.The MitoCanada Foundation is Canada’s only not-for-profit organization focused on mitochondrial disease. Since its founding in 2010, MitoCanada has dedicated over $1 million to fund the work of leading Canadian scientists and to support national awareness and support programs.The MitoCanada Foundation is committed to ensuring that those who live with mitochondrial disease are able to enjoy the best possible quality of life until there is a cure.ble quality of life until there is a cure.)
Mitochondrial Research Guild + ([[File:Mito-Reseach-Guild.JPG|200px|left]] … [[File:Mito-Reseach-Guild.JPG|200px|left]]'''The Mitochondrial Research Guild''' is a special interest guild of Seattle Children's Hospital. The guild was founded by a group of families in the Seattle area that are working together to raise awareness, promote research, and improve the quality of medical care that is available to children that are dealing with the devastating and potentially life threatening effects of mitochondrial disease.eatening effects of mitochondrial disease.)
European Bioenergetics Conference + ([[File:Mito-and-Chlora EBEC.png|270px]] '''EBEC''' is a group based in Europe that organizes the '''European Bioenergetics Conference'''.)
MitoAction + ([[File:MitoAction.JPG|230px]]The mission of '''MitoAction''' is to improve quality of life for all who are affected by mitochondrial disorders through support, education and advocacy initiatives.)
MitoFit Preprints + ([[File:MitoFit Preprints.png|left|200px|link=MitoFit Preprints]] '''MitoFit Preprints''' is an Open Access preprint server for mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics.)
Mitochondrial Medicine Society + ([[File:Mitochondrial Medicine Society.jpg| … [[File:Mitochondrial Medicine Society.jpg|200px|left]]The '''Mitochondrial Medicine Society''' (MMS) was founded in 2000 and represents an international group of physicians, researchers and clinicians working towards the better diagnosis, management, and treatment of mitochondrial diseases., and treatment of mitochondrial diseases.)
Motic Microscope + ([[File:Motic Microscope.jpg|right|180px]]' … [[File:Motic Microscope.jpg|right|180px]]'''Motic Microscope SMZ-171 TLED''': for preparation of permeabilized fibres; compact and light stereo microscope, Greenough optical system, switching power supply for use worldwide (100-240V); including auxiliary ESD objective 2.0X(38.6mm).ding auxiliary ESD objective 2.0X(38.6mm).)
Motive entity + ([[File:Motive entities.png|right|300px|Fro … [[File:Motive entities.png|right|300px|From [[Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]]]].A '''motive entity''' ''X''tr is an entity involved in a transformation including spacial transfer. Motive entities (transformants) are expressed in different [[motive unit]]s [MU] depending on the energy transformation under study and the chosen [[format]]. [[Flow]]s are defined as advancement in terms of stoichiometric motive entities per time. Isomorphic [[force]]s are partial derivatives of Gibbs energy per advancement. Ions carrying a positive charge (cations) or negative charge (anions) may be considered as a paradigm of motive entities, since Faraday did not coin but introduced the term 'ion', which is old Greek for 'going' — advancing to the cathode or anode and thus generating an electric [[current]].current]].)
SUIT-033 NADH mt D081 + ([[File:Mt;1D.1;2PGM;3D2.5;4Anox;5Myx;6Reox.png|400px]])
SUIT-033 O2 mt D110 + ([[File:Mt;1D.1;2PGM;3D2.5;4Myx.png|400 px]])
SUIT-034 NADH mt D082 + ([[File:Mt;1D.1;2PGM;3D2.5;4U;5Anox;6Myx;7Reox.png|400px]])
SUIT-034 O2 mt D111 + ([[File:Mt;1D.1;2PGM;3D2.5;4U;5Myx.png|400px]])
SUIT-032 O2 mt D109 + ([[File:Mt;1PGM;2D;3Myx.png|300 px]])
SUIT-001 O2 mt D001 + ([[File:Mt;1PM;2D;2c;3U;4G;5S;6Oct;7Rot;8Gp;9Ama;10AsTm;11Azd .png|400px|SUIT-RP1]])
SUIT-031 Q mt D072 + ([[File:Mt;1Q2;1PM;2D;3S;4Rot;5U;6Anox;7Ama.png|400px]])
The North American Mitochondrial Disease Consortium + ([[File:NAMDC.JPG|200px|left]] '''The North … [[File:NAMDC.JPG|200px|left]]'''The North American Mitochondrial Disease Consortium (NAMDC)''' was established to create a network of all clinicians and clinical investigators in North America (US and Canada, with the hope of including Mexico in the future) who follow sizeable numbers of patients with mitochondrial diseases and are involved or interested in mitochondrial research. The NAMDC has created a clinical registry for patients, in the hopes of standardizing diagnostic criteria, collecting important standardized information on patients, and facilitating the participation of patients in research on mitochondrial diseases.For the study of any rare disease, the collection of specimens is a major challenge. The '''NAMDC''' is establishing a repository for specimens and DNA from patients with mitochondrial diseases, in order to make materials easily available to consortium researchers.Finally, the '''NAMDC''' will conduct clinical trials and other kinds of research. The consortium makes biostatisticians, data management experts, and specialists in clinical research available to participating physicians, so that experiments conducted through the NAMDC can make the most efficient and innovative use of the generous participation of patients.of the generous participation of patients.)
Neurocon + ([[File:Neurocon LOGO.JPG|200px|left]] '''Neurocon''' is an Indian society organizing international conferences on neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.)
Oroboros O2k-technology + ([[File:NextGen-O2k All-in-one 2023.jpg|300 … [[File:NextGen-O2k All-in-one 2023.jpg|300px|right|NextGen-O2k all-in-one]]The '''Oroboros O2k-technology''' provides modular systems for [[high-resolution respirometry]] (HRR) for mitochondria and cell research. Oroboros delivers the O2k-technology for high-resolution respirometry in mitochondria and cell research. The O2k-tecnology allows the measurement of respiration at controlled oxygen levels, combined with redox biology (NADH and CoQ), ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production, Ca2+, or pH. HRR expands to HRPB: High-Resolution PhotoBiology. Small amounts of biological samples can be used for bioenergetic and OXPHOS analysis, ranging from isolated mitochondria, permeabilized tissues and permeabilized cells to living cells and tissues slices. The modular O2k-concept is supported by [[DatLab |DatLab]], with high flexibility for extension by add-on [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product-category/products/o2k-modules/ O2k-Modules]. All O2k-Modules are supported by the [[NextGen-O2k]]. The [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/q-module/ O2k-Q-Module] and the [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/nadh-module/ O2k-NADH-Module] are exclusively supported by the NextGen-O2k, whereas the O2k (Series-J) provides the basis for all other HRR application but cannot be upgraded to the [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/nextgen-o2k-redox/ NextGen-O2k Redox]. The globally tested and trusted high-resolution O2k-technology prioritizes both quality and scientific research output in the field of mitochondrial physiology and pathology, extended to PhotoBiology.al physiology and pathology, extended to PhotoBiology.)
O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm + ([[File:O-ringViton12.5x1 mm.jpg|right|180px]]'''O-ring\[[Viton]]\12.5x1 mm''', for PVDF or PEEK O2k-Stoppers (2-mL O2k-Chamber), box of 8 as spares.)
Superoxide + ([[File:O2-.jpg|left|60px|Superoxide anion] … [[File:O2-.jpg|left|60px|Superoxide anion]]'''Superoxide anion''', O2•-, is a free radical formed in a one-electron reduction of molecular [[oxygen]] (red bullet in the figure), yielding a negatively charged molecule with a single unpaired electron (blue bullet on the left). It is highly reactive with organic compounds, and its intracellular concentration is kept under control by [[superoxide dismutase]].superoxide dismutase]].)
Oxygen + ([[File:O2.jpg|left|60px|Dioxygen]] '''Mole … [[File:O2.jpg|left|60px|Dioxygen]]'''Molecular oxygen''', O2 or '''dioxygen''', has two atoms of oxygen, O, which is the chemical element with atomic number 8. The relative molecular mass of O2, ''M''r,O2, is 32 (or 31.9988). The element O has 8 protons, 8 neutrons and 8 electrons. In the figure, the two electrons in the first electron shell are not shown. Of the six electrons in the outer shell (blue bullets), one electron from each of the two atoms is shared in O2 forming the covalent bond, and one electron in each atom is unpaired.sub>2 forming the covalent bond, and one electron in each atom is unpaired.)
O2k-chamber + ([[File:O2k-Chamber.jpg|right|180px]] '''O2 … [[File:O2k-Chamber.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2k-Chamber''': Duran® glass polished, with standard operation volumes (''V'') of 2.0 mL or 0.5 mL (small chamber volume in the [[O2k-sV-Module]], 12 mm inner diameter). The optical properties of Duran® allow application of fluorometric sensors ([http://www.duran-group.com/en/about-duran/duran-properties/optical-properties-of-duran.html Duran® optical properties]).f-duran.html Duran® optical properties]).)
Open Science + ([[File:Open Access logo.png |20px |left]] … [[File:Open Access logo.png |20px |left]] Building on the essential principles of academic freedom, research integrity and scientific excellence, '''open science''' sets a new paradigm that integrates into the scientific enterprise practices for reproducibility, transparency, sharing and collaboration resulting from the increased opening of scientific contents, tools and processes. Open science is defined as an inclusive construct that combines various movements and practices aiming to make multilingual scientific knowledge openly available, accessible and reusable for everyone, to increase scientific collaborations and sharing of information for the benefits of science and society, and to open the processes of scientific knowledge creation, evaluation and communication to societal actors beyond the traditional scientific community. It comprises all scientific disciplines and aspects of scholarly practices, including basic and applied sciences, natural and social sciences and the humanities, and it builds on the following key pillars: open scientific knowledge, open science infrastructures, science communication, open engagement of societal actors and open dialogue with other knowledge systems.pen dialogue with other knowledge systems.)
Open Access + ([[File:Open Access logo.png |20px |left]] … [[File:Open Access logo.png |20px |left]] '''Open Access''' (OA) academic articles comprise all different forms of published research that are distributed online, free of charge and with an open license to facilitate the distribution and reuse. The open access repositories serve as the perfect vehicle to transmit free knowledge, including but not limited to peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed academic journal articles, conference papers, theses, book chapters and monographs. Driven by the problems of social inequality caused by restricting access to academic research, the Open Access movement changes the funding system of published literature allowing for more readers and thus increased access to scientific knowledge, as well as addressing the economic challenges and unsustainability of academic publishing. In addition to being free to read (''gratis''), open access articles may also be free to use (''libre'') where the copyright is held by the authors and not the publisher.Definition by the [[Directory of Open Access Journals]] (DOAJ): "We define these as journals where the copyright holder of a scholarly work grants usage rights to others using an open license (Creative Commons or equivalent) allowing for immediate free access to the work and permitting any user to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose."or use them for any other lawful purpose.")
O2k-USB Flash Drive + ([[File:Oroboros-USB-flash-drive.JPG|right|120px]] The '''O2k-USB Flash Drive''' is a component of the [[Oroboros O2k]] containing: [[DatLab]], O2k-Manual, O2k-Protocols, O2k-Publications, and info on O2k-Workshops.)
Oxaloacetate + ([[File:Oxaloacetic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Oxa … [[File:Oxaloacetic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Oxaloacetic acid]]'''Oxaloacetic acid''', C4H4O5, occurs under physiological conditions as the anion '''oxaloacetate2-, Oa'''. Oxaloacetate is formed from malate by [[Malate dehydrogenase|MDH]]. Oa reacts with acetyl-CoA through [[citrate synthase]] to form citrate, or with [[glutamate]] through transaminase to form [[oxoglutarate]] and aspartate. Oa transport is restricted across the inner [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membrane of various tissues. Oa is a potent inhibitor of [[succinate dehydrogenase]].[[succinate dehydrogenase]].)
Normoxia + ([[File:Oxia terms.png|right|300px|link=htt … [[File:Oxia terms.png|right|300px|link=https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/oxia/|Oxia]]'''Normoxia''' is a reference state, frequently considered as air-level oxygen pressure at sea level (c. 20 kPa in water vapor saturated air) as environmental normoxia. Intracellular tissue normoxia is variable between organisms and tissues, and intracellular oxygen pressure is frequently well below air-level ''p''O2 as a result of cellular (mainly mitochondrial) oxygen consumption and oxygen gradients along the respiratory cascade. Oxygen pressure drops from ambient normoxia of 20 kPa to alveolar normoxia of 13 kPa, while extracellular normoxia may be as low as 1 to 5 kPa in solid organs such as heart, brain, kidney and liver. Pericellular ''p''O2 of cells growing in monolayer cell cultures may be [[hypoxic]] compared to tissue normoxia when grown in ambient normoxia (95 % air and 5 % CO2) and a high layer of culture medium causing oxygen diffusion limitation at high respiratory activity, but pericellular ''p''O2 may be effectively [[hyperoxic]] in cells with low respiratory rate with a thin layer of culture medium (<2 mm). Intracellular oxygen levels in well-stirred suspended small cells (5 - 7 mm diameter; endothelial cells, fibroblasts) are close to ambient ''p''O2 of the incubation medium, such that matching the experimental intracellular ''p''O2 to the level of intracellular tissue normoxia requires lowering the ambient ''p''O2 of the medium to avoid hyperoxia.O2 to the level of intracellular tissue normoxia requires lowering the ambient ''p''O2 of the medium to avoid hyperoxia.)
Oxidative phosphorylation + ([[File:P.jpg |link=OXPHOS capacity]] '''Ox … [[File:P.jpg |link=OXPHOS capacity]] '''Oxidative phosphorylation''' (OXPHOS) is the oxidation of reduced fuel substrates by electron transfer to oxygen, chemiosmotically coupled to the phosphorylation of [[ADP]] to [[ATP]] (P») and accompanied by an intrinsically uncoupled component of respiration. The OXPHOS state of respiration provides a measure of [[OXPHOS capacity]] (''P''), which is frequently corrected for [[residual oxygen consumption]] (ROX).[residual oxygen consumption]] (ROX).)
State 3 + ([[File:P.jpg |link=OXPHOS capacity]] '''St … [[File:P.jpg |link=OXPHOS capacity]] '''State 3''' respiration is the ADP stimulated respiration of isolated coupled mitochondria in the presence of high ADP and Pi concentrations, supported by a defined substrate or substrate combination at saturating oxygen levels [[Chance_1955_JBC-III|(Chance and Williams, 1955]]). State 3 respiration can also be induced in [[Permeabilized tissue or cells|permeabilized cells]], including permeabilized tissue preparations and tissue homogenates. ADP concentrations applied in State 3 are not necessarily saturating, whereas [[OXPHOS capacity]] is measured at saturating concentrations of ADP and Pi (OXPHOS state). For instance, non-saturating ADP concentrations are applied in State 3 in pulse titrations to determine the [[P/O ratio]] in State 3→4 (D→T) transitions, when saturating ADP concentrations would deplete the oxygen concentration in the closed oxygraph chamber before [[State 4]] is obtained ([[Gnaiger 2000 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A|Gnaiger et al 2000]]; [[Puchowicz_2004_Mitochondrion|Puchowicz et al 2004]]). Respiration in the OXPHOS state or in State 3 is well [[coupled respiration|coupled]], and partially [[uncoupled respiration|uncoupled]] (physiological) or partially [[dyscoupled respiration|dyscoupled]] (pathological). A high [[mt-membrane potential]] provides the driving force for oxidative phosphorylation, to phosphorylate ADP to ATP and to transport ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane (mtIM) through the [[adenine nucleotide translocase]] (ANT). The mt-membrane potential is reduced, however, in comparison to the [[LEAK state]] of respiration, whereas the cytochromes are in a more oxidized redox state.ation, whereas the cytochromes are in a more oxidized redox state.)
OXPHOS capacity + ([[File:P.jpg]] '''OXPHOS capacity''' ''P'' … [[File:P.jpg]] '''OXPHOS capacity''' ''P'' is the respiratory capacity of mitochondria in the ADP-activated state of [[oxidative phosphorylation]], at saturating concentrations of [[ADP]] and inorganic phosphate (which may not be the case in [[State 3]]), oxygen, and defined reduced CHNO-fuel substrates. and defined reduced CHNO-fuel substrates.)
PGM-pathway control state + ([[File:PGM.jpg|left|200px|PGM]] '''PGM''': … [[File:PGM.jpg|left|200px|PGM]] '''PGM''': [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]].'''MitoPathway control state:''' [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state]][[Pyruvate]] (P) is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA and CO2, yielding [[NADH]] catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase. [[Malate]] (M) is oxidized to oxaloacetate by mt-malate dehydrogenase located in the mitochondrial matrix. Condensation of oxaloacate with acetyl-CoA yields citrate (citrate synthase). Glutamate&malate is a substrate combination supporting an N-linked pathway control state, when glutamate is transported into the mt-matrix via the [[glutamate-aspartate carrier]] and reacts with [[oxaloacetate]] in the [[transaminase]] reaction to form [[aspartate]] and [[oxoglutarate]]. Glutamate as the sole substrate is transported by the electroneutral glutamate-/OH- exchanger, and is oxidized in the mitochondrial matrix by [[glutamate dehydrogenase]] to α-ketoglutarate ([[oxoglutarate | 2-oxoglutarate]]), representing the [[glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state]]. 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) is formed from isocitrate (isocitrate dehydrogenase, from oxaloacetate and glutamate by the transaminase, and from glutamate by the glutamate dehydrogenase.tate and glutamate by the transaminase, and from glutamate by the glutamate dehydrogenase.)
PGMS-pathway control state + ([[File:PGMS.png|left|200px|PGMS]] '''PGMS' … [[File:PGMS.png|left|200px|PGMS]] '''PGMS''': [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]].'''MitoPathway control state:''' [[NS|NS-pathway control state]]2-oxoglutarate is produced through the citric acid cycle from citrate by isocitrate dehydrogenase, from oxaloacetate and glutamate by the transaminase, and from glutamate by the glutamate dehydrogenase. If the 2-oxoglutarate carrier does not outcompete these sources of 2-oxoglutarate, then the TCA cycle operates in full circle with external pyruvate&malate&glutamate&succinatercle with external pyruvate&malate&glutamate&succinate)
O2k-pH ISE-Module + ([[File:PH new.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2k-pH ISE-Module''': two pH electrodes and reference electrodes and accessories)
PMS-pathway control state + ([[File:PMS.jpg|left|200px|PMS]]'''PMS''': … [[File:PMS.jpg|left|200px|PMS]]'''PMS''': [[Pyruvate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]].'''MitoPathway control:''' CI&II[[Pyruvate]] (P) is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA and CO2, yielding [[NADH]] catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase. [[Malate]] (M) is oxidized to oxaloacetate by mt-malate dehydrogenase located in the mitochondrial matrix. Condensation of oxaloacate with acetyl-CoA yields citrate (citrate synthase). This documents an additive effect of convergent CI&II electron flow to the Q-junction, with consistent results obtained with permeabilized muscle fibres and isolated mitochondria (Gnaiger 2009). permeabilized muscle fibres and isolated mitochondria (Gnaiger 2009).)
O-ring\Viton\8x1 mm + ([[File:POS O-ring for sensor head or POS mounting tool.jpg|right|180px]]'''O-ring\Viton\8x1 mm''': for [[OroboPOS]] sensor head. Replaces the O-ring\Viton\9x1 mm)
O-ring\Viton\6x1 mm + ([[File:POS O-ring for sensor head or POS mounting tool.jpg|right|180px]]'''O-ring\Viton\6x1 mm''' for [[POS-Mounting Tool]].)
POS-Membrane Ring + ([[File:POS membrane holder ring.jpg|right|180px|link=]]'''POS-Membrane Ring''', [[PEEK]], holds the membrane against the inner O-ring on the POS housing.)
SUIT-002 O2 pfi D006 + ([[File:Pfi;1D;2M.1;3Oct;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama;12AsTm;13Azd.png|400px|SUIT-RP2]])
SUIT-001 O2 pfi D002 + ([[File:Pfi;1PM;2D;2c;3U;4G;5S;6Oct;7Rot;8Gp;9Ama;10AsTm;11Azd.png|400px|SUIT-RP1]])
Phosphorylation pathway + ([[File:Phosphorylation system.jpg|thumb|le … [[File:Phosphorylation system.jpg|thumb|left|250px|From Gnaiger 2014 MitoPathways]]The '''phosphorylation pathway''' (phosphorylation system) is the functional unit utilizing the protonmotive force to phosphorylate ADP (D) to ATP (T), and may be defined more specifically as the '''P»-system'''. The P»-system consists of [[adenine nucleotide translocase]], [[phosphate carrier]], and [[ATP synthase]]. Mitochondrial [[adenylate kinase]], mt-[[creatine kinase]] and mt-[[hexokinase]] constitute extended components of the P»-system, controlling local AMP and ADP concentrations and forming [[metabolic channel]]s. Since substrate-level phosphorylation is involved in the TCA-cycle, the P»-system includes [[succinyl-CoA ligase]] (GDP to GTP or ADP to ATP).ccinyl-CoA ligase]] (GDP to GTP or ADP to ATP).)
Pipette\Plastic\1 ml ungraded + ([[File:Pipette Plastic 1 ml-ungraded.JPG|180px|right]]'''Pipette\Plastic\1 mL ungraded''', for filling electrolyte into the reservoir of the [[OroboPOS]].)
Power O2k Numbers + ([[File:Power O2k Numbers.JPG|right|180px]]'''Power O2k Numbers''': Single number to label the O2k in a Power O2k-Lab.)
Proline + ([[File:Proline.png|left|100px|Proline]] '' … [[File:Proline.png|left|100px|Proline]]'''Proline''' (Pro), C5H9NO2, is an amino acid which occurs under physiological conditions mainly in the nonpolar form, with ''p''Ka1 = 1.99 ''p''Ka2 = 10.96.Proline is an [[anaplerotic]] substrate that supports both the proline pathway control state and the [[glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state]]. Proline is used as a single substrate or in combination with carbohydrate-derived metabolites in mitochondria particularly of flight muscle of many (but not all) insects. Proline is oxidized to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate by the [[mtIM]] L-proline:quinone oxidoreductase ([[proline dehydrogenase]], ProDH), with reduction of FAD to FADH2 and direct entry into the [[Q-junction]]. delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate is converted to [[glutamate]] by 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase.[[glutamate]] by 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase.)
Pyruvate + ([[File:Pyruvic_acid.jpg|left|80px|Pyruvic … [[File:Pyruvic_acid.jpg|left|80px|Pyruvic acid]]'''Pyruvic acid''', C3H4O3, is an alpha-keto monocarboxylic acid which occurs under physiological conditions mainly as the anion '''pyruvate-, P''', with ''p''Ka = 2.5. Pyruvate is formed in glycolysis from phosphoenolpyruvate. In the cytosol, pyruvate is a substrate of [[lactate dehydrogenase]]. Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix via a specific low ''K''m' H+/monocarboxylate cotransporter known as the [[pyruvate carrier]]. Similarly, the plasma membrane of many cell types has H+/monocarboxylate cotransporter activity and pyruvate can thus be added as a substrate to living cells. In the mt-matrix the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is catalyzed by [[pyruvate dehydrogenase]] and yields [[acetyl-CoA]]. Pyruvate competitively reverses the inhibition of [[Complex IV | cytochrome ''c'' oxidase]] by [[cyanide]]. Pyruvate is an antioxidant reacting with [[hydrogen peroxide]].[[hydrogen peroxide]].)
ROUTINE respiration + ([[File:R.jpg]] In the living cell, '''ROUT … [[File:R.jpg]] In the living cell, '''ROUTINE respiration''' (''R'') or ROUTINE activity in the physiological coupling state is controlled by cellular energy demand, energy turnover and the degree of coupling to phosphorylation (intrinsic [[uncoupling]] and pathological [[dyscoupling]]). The conditions for measurement and expression of respiration vary ([[oxygen flux]] in state ''R'', ''J''O2''R'' or [[oxygen flow]] in state ''R'', ''I''O2''R''). If these conditions are defined and remain consistent within a given context, then the simple symbol ''R'' for respiratory state can be used to substitute the more explicit expression for respiratory activity. ''R'' and growth of cells is supported by exogenous substrates in culture media. In media without energy substrates, ''R'' depends on endogenous substrates. ''R'' cannot be measured in [[permeabilized cells]] or [[isolated mitochondria]]. ''R'' is corrected for [[residual oxygen consumption]] (ROX), whereas ''R''´ is the uncorrected apparent ROUTINE respiration or total cellular oxygen consumption of cells including ROX. apparent ROUTINE respiration or total cellular oxygen consumption of cells including ROX.)
State 2 + ([[File:ROX.jpg |link=Residual oxygen consu … [[File:ROX.jpg |link=Residual oxygen consumption]] Substrate limited state of [[residual oxygen consumption]], after addition of [[ADP]] to isolated mitochondria suspended in mitochondrial respiration medium in the absence of reduced substrates (ROXD). Residual endogenous substrates are oxidized during a transient stimulation of oxygen flux by ADP. The peak – supported by endogenous substrates – is, therefore, a pre-steady state phenomenon preceding State 2. Subsequently oxygen flux declines to a low level (or zero) at the steady '''State 2''' ([[Chance_1955_JBC-III|Chance and Williams 1955]]). ADP concentration (D) remains high during ROXD.concentration (D) remains high during ROXD.)
Residual oxygen consumption + ([[File:ROX.jpg|100px|link=https://wiki.oro … [[File:ROX.jpg|100px|link=https://wiki.oroboros.at/images/3/30/ROX.jpg]] '''Residual oxygen consumption''' ''Rox'' — respiration in the ROX state — is due to oxidative side reactions remaining after inhibition of the [[electron transfer pathway]] (ET pathway) in [[mitochondrial preparation]]s or living cells. Different conditions designated as ROX states (different combinations of inhibitors of CI, CII, CIII and CIV) may result in consistent or significantly different levels of oxygen consumption. Hence the best quantitative estimate of ''Rox'' has to be carefully evaluated. Mitochondrial respiration is frequently corrected for ''Rox'' as the [[baseline state]]. Then, total [[ROUTINE]], [[LEAK respiration]], [[OXPHOS]] or [[Electron transfer pathway |ET]] (''R'', ''L'', ''P'' and ''E'') respiration are distinguished from the corresponding ''Rox''-corrected, mitochondrial (ET-pathway linked) fluxes: ''R''(mt), ''L''(mt), ''P''(mt) and ''E''(mt). Alternatively, ''R'', ''L'', ''P'' and ''E'' are defined as ''Rox''-corrected rates, in contrast to total rates ''R''´, ''L''´, ''P''´ and ''E''´. When expressing ''Rox'' as a fraction of ET capacity ([[flux control ratio]]), total flux ''E''´ (not corrected for ''Rox''), should be taken as the reference. ''Rox'' may be related to, but is of course different from [[ROS]] production.In previous editions, (including [[Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]]), the [[REN]] state was not distinguished from the ROX state. However, in novel applications (Q-Module and NADH-Module), a distinction of these states is necessary. Care must be taken when assuming ''Ren'' as a substitute of ''Rox'' correction of mitochondrial respiration.' correction of mitochondrial respiration.)
Ambiguity crisis + ([[File:Rabbit or duck.jpg|right|300px|thum … [[File:Rabbit or duck.jpg|right|300px|thumb|'''Graphical ambiguity:''' ''Fliegende Blätter'' (1892-10-23): Perception versus interpretation (Ludwig Wittgenstein) or paradigm shift (Thomas Kuhn)]]The '''ambiguity crisis''' is a contemporary crisis comparable to the credibility or [[reproducibility crisis]] in the biomedical sciences. The term 'crisis' is rooted etymologically in the Greek word ''krinein'': meaning to 'separate, decide, judge'. In this sense, science and communication in general are a continuous crisis at the edge of separating clarity or certainty from confusing double meaning, or obscure 'alchemical' gibberish, or even fake-news. Reproducibility relates to the condition of repeating and confirming calculations or experiments presented in a published resource. While ambiguity is linked to relevant issues of reproducibility, it extends to the communications space of terminological and graphical representations of concepts. Type 1 ambiguities are the inevitable consequence of conceptual evolution, in the process of which ambiguities are replaced by experimentally and theoretically supported paradigm shifts to clear-cut theorems. In contrast, type 2 ambiguities are traced in publications that reflect merely a disregard and ignorance of established concepts without an attempt to justify the inherent deviations from high-quality science. There are many shades of grey between these types of ambiguity. of grey between these types of ambiguity.)
Residual endogenous substrates + ([[File:Ren.png|100px|link=https://wiki.oro … [[File:Ren.png|100px|link=https://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/File:Ren.png]] Oxygen consumption due to '''residual endogenous substrates'''. ''Ren'' is the respiration in the REN state. It is due to oxidative reactions in [[mt-preparation]]s incubated without addition of fuel substrates in the absence or presence of ADP (in the presence of ADP to stimulate the consumption of endogenous fuel substrates: [[State 2]]). ''Ren'' values may be used as technical replicates when obtained from the same mt-preparation in different protocols. ''Ren'' may be higher than ''Rox''. Correspondingly, Q and NAD are not fully oxidized in the REN state compared to the ROX state. In previous editions (including [[Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]]), the REN state was not distinguished from the [[ROX]] state. However, in novel applications (Q-Module and NADH-Module), a distinction of these states is necessary. Care must be taken when assuming ''Ren'' as a substitute of ''Rox'' correction of mitochondrial respiration.' correction of mitochondrial respiration.)
Society for Heart and Vascular Metabolism + ([[File:SHVM.png|100px|left]]The '''Society … [[File:SHVM.png|100px|left]]The '''Society for Heart and Vascular Metabolism''' (SHVM) The Society for Heart and Vascular Metabolism was founded in 2001, with the intent of providing a forum for the free exchange of ideas by a group of investigators that had a special interest in the multiple roles of intermediary metabolism in the cardiovascular system. An important aim of the Society is to foster interactions between young investigators and senior scientists and our meetings are deliberately designed to maximize these interactions. There is growing recognition across many areas of scientific investigation and in the cardiovascular arena of the importance of metabolic homeostasis. The Society for Heart and Vascular Metabolism intends to remain at the vanguard of this rapidly expanding area.e vanguard of this rapidly expanding area.)
Society for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine - India + ([[File:SMRM.JPG|150px|left]]The Society fo … [[File:SMRM.JPG|150px|left]]The Society for '''Mitochondria Research and Medicine - India''' (SMRM-India) is a nonprofit organization of scientists, clinicians and academicians. The purpose of SMRM is to foster research on basic science of mitochondria, mitochondrial pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment through out India and abroad.nd treatment through out India and abroad.)
Serbian Society for Mitochondrial and Free Radical Physiology + ([[File:SSMFRP.jpg|left|200px]] The '''Serb … [[File:SSMFRP.jpg|left|200px]] The '''Serbian Society for Mitochondrial and Free Radical Physiology (SSMFRP)''' was established in 2008 as a national Society and has 150 members who gather research in the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry, medicine, chemistry, agriculture, physics and other related disciplines. The SSMFRP was founded as a '''voluntary non-governmental and non-profit association''' for researchers whose goal is to support the creative improvement of scientific knowledge about the '''physiology of mitochondria and free radicals''', support for the development of modern research approaches and integration of fundamental research in order to better understand the role of free radicals in pathophysiological states, as well as promoting scientific knowledge in the country and abroad.tific knowledge in the country and abroad.)
SUIT-003 pH ce D067 + ([[File:SUIT-003 O2 ce D067 diagram.png|350px]])
SUIT-026 AmR mt D064 + ([[File:SUIT-026 AmR mt D064.png|400px]])
SUIT-026 AmR mt D077 + ([[File:SUIT-026 AmR mt D064.png|400px]])
F-junction + ([[File:SUIT-catg F.jpg|right|300px|F-junct … [[File:SUIT-catg F.jpg|right|300px|F-junction]]The '''F-junction''' is a junction for [[convergent electron flow]] in the [[electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pathway) from fatty acids through [[fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase]] (reduced form [[FADH2]]) to [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF), and further transfer through the [[Q-junction]] to [[Complex III]] (CIII). The concept of the F-junction and [[N-junction]] provides a basis for defining [[categories of SUIT protocols]]. Fatty acid oxidation, in the [[F-pathway control state]], not only depends on electron transfer through the F-junction (which is typically rate-limiting) but simultaneously generates NADH and thus depends on N-junction throughput. Hence FAO can be inhibited completely by inhibition of Complex I (CI). In addition and independent of this source of NADH, the N-junction substrate malate is required as a co-substrate for FAO in mt-preparations, since accumulation of AcetylCoA inhibits FAO in the absence of malate. Malate is oxidized in a reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase to oxaloacetate (yielding NADH), which then stimulates the entry of AcetylCoA into the TCA cycle catalyzed by citrate synthase.e TCA cycle catalyzed by citrate synthase.)
Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state + ([[File:SUIT-catg F.jpg|right|300px|F-junct … [[File:SUIT-catg F.jpg|right|300px|F-junction]]In the '''fatty acid oxidation pathway control state''' (F- or FAO-pathway), one or several fatty acids are supplied to feed electrons into the [[F-junction]] through fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase (reduced form [[FADH2]]), to [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF), and further through the [[Q-junction]] to [[Complex III]] (CIII). FAO not only depends on electron transfer through the F-junction (which is typically rate-limiting relative to the N-pathway branch), but simultaneously generates FADH2 and NADH and thus depends on [[N-junction]] throughput. Hence FAO can be inhibited completely by inhibition of [[Complex I]] (CI). In addition and independent of this source of NADH, the type N substrate malate is required at low concentration (0.1 mM) as a co-substrate for FAO in mt-preparations, since accumulation of Acetyl-CoA inhibits FAO in the absence of malate. Malate is oxidized in a reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase to oxaloacetate (yielding NADH), which then stimulates the entry of Acetyl-CoA into the TCA cycle catalyzed by citrate synthase. Peroxysomal ''β''-oxidation carries out few ''β''-oxidation cycles, thus shortening very-long-chain fatty acids (>C20) for entry into mitochondrial ''β''-oxidation. Oxygen consumption by peroxisomal [[acyl-CoA oxidase]] is considered as [[residual oxygen consumption]] rather than cell respiration.esidual oxygen consumption]] rather than cell respiration.)
FN + ([[File:SUIT-catg FN.jpg|right|300px|F-junc … [[File:SUIT-catg FN.jpg|right|300px|F-junction]]FN is induced in mt-preparations by addition of [[NADH]]-generating substrates ([[N-pathway control state]], or CI-linked pathway control) in combination with one or several fatty acids, which are supplied to feed electrons into the [[F-junction]] through [[fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase]] (reduced form [[FADH2]]), to [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF), and further through the [[Q-junction]] to [[Complex III]] (CIII). FAO not only depends on electron transfer through the F-junction (which is typically rate-limiting), but simultaneously generates FADH2 and NADH and thus depends on [[N-junction]] throughput. Hence FAO can be inhibited completely by inhibition of [[Complex I]] (CI). This physiological substrate combination is required for partial reconstitution of [[TCA cycle]] function and convergent electron-input into the [[Q-junction]], to compensate for metabolite depletion into the incubation medium. FS in combination exerts an [[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.[[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.)
FNS + ([[File:SUIT-catg FNS.jpg|right|300px|F-jun … [[File:SUIT-catg FNS.jpg|right|300px|F-junction]]FNS is induced in mt-preparations by addition of [[NADH]]-generating substrates ([[N-pathway control state]], or CI-linked pathway control) in combination with [[succinate]] ([[S-pathway control state]]; S- or CII-linked) and one or several fatty acids, which are supplied to feed electrons into the [[F-junction]] through [[fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase]] (reduced form [[FADH2]]), to [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF), and further through the [[Q-junction]] to [[Complex III]] (CIII). FAO not only depends on electron transfer through the F-junction (which is typically rate-limiting), but simultaneously generates FADH2 and NADH and thus depends on [[N-junction]] throughput. Hence FAO can be inhibited completely by inhibition of [[Complex I]] (CI). This physiological substrate combination is required for partial reconstitution of [[TCA cycle]] function and convergent electron-input into the [[Q-junction]], to compensate for metabolite depletion into the incubation medium. FNS in combination exerts an [[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.[[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.)
Q-junction + ([[File:SUIT-catg FNSGp.jpg|right|300px|Q-j … [[File:SUIT-catg FNSGp.jpg|right|300px|Q-junction]]The '''Q-junction''' is a junction for [[convergent electron flow]] in the [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pathway) from type N substrates and mt-matrix dehydrogenases through [[Complex I]] (CI), from type F substrates and FA oxidation through [[electron-transferring flavoprotein Complex]] (CETF), from succinate (S) through [[Complex II]] (CII), from glycerophosphate (Gp) through [[glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex]] (CGpDH), from choline through [[choline dehydrogenase]], from dihydro-orotate through [[dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase]], and other enzyme Complexes into the Q-cycle (ubiquinol/ubiquinone), and further downstream to [[Complex III]] (CIII) and [[Complex IV]] (CIV). The concept of the Q-junction, with the [[N-junction]] and [[F-junction]] upstream, provides the rationale for defining [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s and [[categories of SUIT protocols]].[[categories of SUIT protocols]].)
Electron-transfer-pathway state + ([[File:SUIT-catg FNSGpCIV.jpg|right|400px] … [[File:SUIT-catg FNSGpCIV.jpg|right|400px]]'''Electron-transfer-pathway states''' are obtained in [[mitochondrial preparations]] (isolated mitochondria, permeabilized cells, permeabilized tissues, tissue homogenate) by depletion of endogenous substrates and addition to the mitochondrial respiration medium of fuel substrates (CHNO) activating specific mitochondrial pathways, and possibly inhibitors of specific pathways. Mitochondrial electron-transfer-pathway states have to be defined complementary to mitochondrial [[coupling-control state]]s. [[Coupling-control state]]s require [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET-pathway competent states]], including oxygen supply. [[Categories of SUIT protocols]] are defined according to mitochondrial ET-pathway states.» [[#ET_pathway_states |'''MiPNet article''']][#ET_pathway_states |'''MiPNet article''']])
N-junction + ([[File:SUIT-catg N.jpg|right|300px|N-junct … [[File:SUIT-catg N.jpg|right|300px|N-junction]]The '''N-junction''' is a junction for [[convergent electron flow]] in the [[electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pathway) from type N substrates (''further details'' »[[N-pathway control state]]) through the mt-[[NADH]] pool to [[Complex I]] (CI), and further transfer through the [[Q-junction]] to [[Complex III]] (CIII). Representative type N substrates are pyruvate (P), glutamate (G) and malate (M). The corresponding dehydrogenases ([[Pyruvate dehydrogenase |PDH]], [[Glutamate dehydrogenase |GDH]], [[Malate dehydrogenase |MDH]]) and some additional TCA cycle dehydrogenases ([[isocitrate dehydrogenase]], [[oxoglutarate dehydrogenase]] generate NADH, the substrate of [[Complex I]] (CI). The concept of the N-junction and [[F-junction]] provides a basis for defining [[categories of SUIT protocols]] based on [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s.[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s.)
NADH electron transfer-pathway state + ([[File:SUIT-catg N.jpg|right|300px|N-junct … [[File:SUIT-catg N.jpg|right|300px|N-junction]]The '''NADH electron transfer-pathway state''' (N) is obtained by addition of [[NADH]]-linked substrates (CI-linked), feeding electrons into the [[N-junction]] catalyzed by various mt-dehydrogenases. N-supported flux is induced in mt-preparations by the addition of NADH-generating substrate combinations of [[pyruvate]] (P), [[glutamate]] (G), [[malate]] (M), [[oxaloacetate]] (Oa), [[oxoglutarate]] (Og), [[citrate]], [[hydroxybutyrate]]. These N-junction substrates are (indirectly) linked to [[Complex I]] by the corresponding dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions reducing NAD+ to NADH+H+ + H+. The most commonly applied N-junction substrate combinations are: [[PM]], [[GM]], [[PGM]]. The [[malate-anaplerotic pathway control state]] (M alone) is a special case related to [[malic enzyme]] (mtME). The [[glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state]] (G alone) supports respiration through [[glutamate dehydrogenase]] (mtGDH). Oxidation of [[tetrahydrofolate]] is a NAD(P)H linked pathway with formation of formate. In mt-preparations, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH; [[CII]]) is largely substrate-limited in N-linked respiration, due to metabolite depletion into the incubation medium. The residual involvement of S-linked respiration in the N-pathway control state can be further suppressed by the CII-inhibitor [[malonic acid]]). In the N-pathway control state [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 4]] is active.[[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 4]] is active.)
NS-pathway control state + ([[File:SUIT-catg NS.jpg|right|300px|NS-pat … [[File:SUIT-catg NS.jpg|right|300px|NS-pathway control]]'''NS-pathway control''' is exerted in the NS-linked substrate state (flux in the NS-linked substrate state, NS; or Complex I&II, CI&II-linked substrate state). NS-OXPHOS capacity provides an estimate of physiologically relevant maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacity. NS is induced in mt-preparations by addition of [[NADH]]-generating substrates ([[N-pathway control state]] in combination with [[succinate]] ([[Succinate pathway]]; S). Whereas NS expresses substrate control in terms of substrate types (N and S), CI&II defines the same concept in terms of convergent electron transfer to the [[Q-junction]] (pathway control). '''NS''' is the abbreviation for the combination of [[NADH]]-linked substrates (N) and [[succinate]] (S). This physiological substrate combination is required for partial reconstitution of [[TCA cycle]] function and convergent electron-input into the [[Q-junction]], to compensate for metabolite depletion into the incubation medium. NS in combination exerts an [[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.[[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.)
Glycerophosphate pathway control state + ([[File:SUIT-catg_Gp.jpg|right|300px|Gp-pat … [[File:SUIT-catg_Gp.jpg|right|300px|Gp-pathway]]The '''glycerophosphate pathway control state''' (Gp) is an [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |ET-pathway level 3 control state]], supported by the fuel substrate [[glycerophosphate]] and electron transfer through [[glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex]] into the [[Q-junction]]. The [[glycerolphosphate shuttle]] represents an important pathway, particularly in liver and blood cells, of making cytoplasmic [[NADH]] available for mitochondrial [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. Cytoplasmic NADH reacts with dihydroxyacetone phosphate catalyzed by cytoplasmic glycerophos-phate dehydrogenase. On the outer face of the inner mitochondrial membrane, mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase oxidises glycerophosphate back to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a reaction not generating NADH but reducing a flavin prosthesic group. The reduced flavoprotein donates its reducing equivalents to the electron transfer-pathway at the level of [[CoQ]].[[CoQ]].)
Categories of SUIT protocols + ([[File:SUIT-catg_MitoPathway types.jpg|rig … [[File:SUIT-catg_MitoPathway types.jpg|right|200px]]'''Categories of SUIT protocols''' group [[MitoPedia: SUIT |SUIT protocols]] according to all substrate types involved in a protocol (F, N, S, Gp), independent of the sequence of titrations of substrates and inhibitors which define the [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s. The [[N-pathway control |N-type substrates]] are listed in parentheses, independent of the sequence of titrations. ROX states may or may not be included in a SUIT protocol, which does not change its category. Similarly, the [[CIV]] assay may or may not be added at the end of a SUIT protocol, without effect on the category of a SUIT protocol.* '''F''' - ET-pathway-level 5: [[FADH2 |FADH2]]-linked substrates (FAO) with obligatory support by the N-linked pathway.* '''N''' - ET-pathway-level 4: [[NADH]]-linked substrates (CI-linked).* '''S''' - ET-pathway-level 3: [[Succinate]] (CII-linked).* '''Gp''' - ET-pathway-level 3: [[Glycerophosphate]] (CGpDH-linked).* '''Y(X)'''- In the SUIT general protocols Y makes reference to the ET-pathway state and X to the combination os substrates added for the corresponding pathway.» [[#Categorization of SUIT protocols: ETS pathway control states |'''MiPNet article''']][#Categorization of SUIT protocols: ETS pathway control states |'''MiPNet article''']])
Succinate pathway + ([[File:SUIT-catg_S.jpg|right|300px|Succina … [[File:SUIT-catg_S.jpg|right|300px|Succinate]]The '''Succinate pathway''' (S-pathway; S) is the [[electron transfer pathway]] that supports succinate-linked respiration (succinate-induced respiratory state; previously used nomenclature: CII-linked respiration; SRot; see [[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol]]). The S-pathway describes the electron flux through [[Complex II]] (CII; see [[succinate dehydrogenase]], SDH) from succinate and FAD to fumarate and CII-bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) to the [[Q-junction]].The S-pathway control state is usually induced in mt-preparations by addition of succinate&rotenone. In this case, only [[Complex III]] and [[Complex IV]] are involved in pumping protons from the matrix (positive phase, P-phase) to the negative phase (N-phase) with a P»/O2 of 3.5 (P»/O ratio = 1.75).phase) with a P»/O2 of 3.5 (P»/O ratio = 1.75).)
SUIT protocol names + ([[File:SUIT-nomenclature.jpg|300px|right|S … [[File:SUIT-nomenclature.jpg|300px|right|SUIT protocols]]The '''SUIT protocol name''' starts with (i) the [[Categories of SUIT protocols |SUIT category]] which shows the [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s (ET pathway types; e.g. N, S, NS, FNS, FNSGp), independent of the actual sequence of titrations. (ii) A further distinction is provided in the SUIT name by listing in parentheses the substrates applied in the [[N-pathway control state]]s, again independent of the sequence of titrations, e.g. NS(GM), NS(PM), FNSGp(PGM). (iii) A sequentially selected number is added, e.g. SUIT_FNS(PM)01 (see [[Coupling/pathway control diagram]]). The '''systematic name''' of a SUIT protocol starts with the [[Categories of SUIT protocols |SUIT category]], followed by an underline dash and the sequence of titration steps (mark names, #''X'', separated by a comma). The [[Marks in DatLab |Marks]] define the section of a [[respiratory state]] in the SUIT protocol. The [[Mark names in DatLab |Mark name]] contains the sequential number and the [[metabolic control variable]], ''X''. The metabolic control variable is the name of the preceding SUIT [[event]]. The [[MitoPedia: SUIT |MitoPedia list of SUIT protocols]] can be sorted by the short name or the systematic name (hence by SUIT protocol category. The '''[[SUIT protocol pattern]]''' is best illustrated by a [[coupling/pathway control diagram]].[[coupling/pathway control diagram]].)
Coupling/pathway control diagram + ([[File:SUIT-nomenclature.jpg|300px|right|S … [[File:SUIT-nomenclature.jpg|300px|right|SUIT protocols]]'''Coupling/pathway control diagrams''' illustrate the respiratory '''states''' obtained step-by-step in substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titrations in a [[SUIT protocol]]. Each step (to the next state) is defined by an initial state and a [[metabolic control variable]], ''X''. The respiratory states are shown by boxes. ''X'' is usually the titrated substance in a SUIT protocol. If ''X'' ([[ADP]], [[uncoupler]]s, or inhibitors of the [[phosphorylation system]], e.g. oligomycin) exerts '''coupling control''', then a transition is induced between two [[coupling-control state]]s. If ''X'' (fuel substrates, e.g. pyruvate and succinate, or [[Electron transfer pathway]] inhibitors, e.g. rotenone) exerts '''pathway control''', then a transition is induced between two [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s. The type of metabolic control (''X'') is shown by arrows linking two respiratory states, with vertical arrows indicating coupling control, and horizontal arrows indicating pathway control. [[Marks - DatLab |Marks]] define the section of an experimental trace in a given [[respiratory state]] (steady state). [[Events - DatLab |Events]] define the titration of ''X'' inducing a transition in the SUIT protocol. The specific sequence of coupling control and pathway control steps defines the [[SUIT protocol pattern]]. The coupling/pathway control diagrams define the [[categories of SUIT protocols]] (see Figure).[[categories of SUIT protocols]] (see Figure).)
SUIT-013 + ([[File:SUIT013 AmR ce D023.png|300px]])
SUIT-013 AmR ce D023 + ([[File:SUIT013 AmR ce D023.png|400px]])
Sample Holder + ([[File:Sample Holder - 28410-01.jpg|right|180px]] Sample Holder - to protect susceptible samples from being damaged by stirring of the medium in the 2.0 mL O2k-chamber.)
O2k series + ([[File:Seires number H-Seires.png|right|20 … [[File:Seires number H-Seires.png|right|200 px|The serial number of each O2k is shown on a sticker at the rear of the O2k.]]The '''O2k series''' is specified as the capital letter in the O2k serial number of the [[Oroboros O2k]]. A serial number G-#### or H-#### denotes an Oxygraph from the G or H series, while A-#### denotes an O2k from the A series. With [[DatLab]] running real-time connected to the O2k, the serial number of the currently connected O2k is displayed: (1) in the right corner of the [[O2k status line|status line]], besides the DatLab version number (bottom), and (2) in windows [[O2k control]] [F7] and [[O2k configuration]].[[O2k configuration]].)
Stopper\black PEEK\angular Shaft\side+6.2+2.6 mm Port + ([[File:Stopper black PEEK angular Shaft si … [[File:Stopper black PEEK angular Shaft side+6.2+2.6 mm Port.JPG|180px|right]]'''Stopper\black PEEK\angular Shaft\side+6.2+2.6 mm Port''', for application with [[ISE]]; side titration port and two additional holes (6.2 mm and 2.6 mm); angular bottom; including [[Volume-Calibration Ring]] (A or B); 2 mounted O-rings, with 8 spare O-rings ([[O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm]]).[[O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm]]).)
Stopper\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central+2.3+2.6 mm Port + ([[File:Stopper black PEEK conical Shaft ce … [[File:Stopper black PEEK conical Shaft central+2.3+2.6 mm Port.JPG|180px|right]]'''Stopper\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central+2.3+2.6 mm Port''': for pH and reference electrode, central titration port and two additional ports (2.3 mm and 2.6 mm); conical bottom; including Volume-Calibration Ring (A or B), 2 mounted O-rings, with 8 spare O-rings ([[O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm]]).[[O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm]]).)
Succinate + ([[File:Succinic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Succin … [[File:Succinic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Succinic acid]]'''Succinic acid''', C4H6O4, (butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid which occurs under physiological conditions as the anion '''succinate2-, S''', with ''p''Ka1 = 4.2 and ''p''Ka2 = 5.6. Succinate is formed in the [[TCA cycle]], and is a substrate of [[Complex II |CII]], reacting to [[fumarate]] and feeding electrons into the [[Q-junction]]. Succinate (CII-linked) and NADH (CI-linked) provide convergent electron entries into the Q-junction. Succinate is transported across the inner mt-membrane by the [[dicarboxylate carrier]]. The plasma membrane of many cell types is impermeable for succinate (but see [[Zhunussova 2015 Am J Cancer Res]] for an exception). Incubation of mt-preparations by succinate alone may lead to accumulation of [[oxaloacetate]], which is a potent inhibitor of Complex II (compare [[Succinate and rotenone]]). High activities of mt-[[Malic enzyme]] (mtME) prevent accumulation of oxaloacetate in incubations with succinate without rotenone.[[Malic enzyme]] (mtME) prevent accumulation of oxaloacetate in incubations with succinate without rotenone.)
Syringe\500 mm3 51/0.41 mm + ([[File:Syringe 500 mm3 51 0.41 mm.JPG |rig … [[File:Syringe 500 mm3 51 0.41 mm.JPG |right|180px]]Hamilton '''Syringe\500 mm3 51/0.41 mm''' for manual titrations, 500 mm3 volume; fixed needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.41 mm inner diameter; for injections of suspensions of isolated mitochondria and filling of the [[Microsyringe\200 mm3\TIP2k]].[[Microsyringe\200 mm3\TIP2k]].)
Syringe Labels + ([[File:Syringe Labels_2017.JPG|right|180px]]'''Syringe Labels''': set of labels with standard abbreviations (see [[MiPNet09.12_O2k-Titrations | O2k-Titrations]]).)
Syringe Racks + ([[File:Syringe Racks.JPG|right|180px]]'''Syringe Racks''': stainless steel; for proper placement of eight Hamilton microsyringes in HRR experiments; package of two (for a total of 16 microsyringes).)
Syringe Storage Box + ([[File:Syringe Storage Box.jpg|right|180px]]'''Syringe Storage Box''': for storing the Hamilton microsyringes; includes [[Syringe Labels]].)
TIP2k-Module + ([[File:TIP2k with 200 mm3 microsyringe.JPG … [[File:TIP2k with 200 mm3 microsyringe.JPG|180px|right]]'''TIP2k-Module''' - Titration-Injection microPump (TIP2k) for two-channel operation with the [[O2k-FluoRespirometer]] with automatic control by [[DatLab]] of programmable titration regimes and feedback control (oxystat, pH-stat).s and feedback control (oxystat, pH-stat).)
O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module + ([[File:TPP new.jpg|180px|right]]'''O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module''': Potentiometric ion-selective electrodes for measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential)
Avogadro constant + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|4 … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|400px|thumb|]] {''Quote''} The '''Avogadro constant''' ''N''A is a proportionality constant between the quantity [[amount]] of substance (with unit [[mole]]) and the quantity for [[count |counting entities]] ... One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary [[entity |entities]]. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, ''N''A, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number {''End of Quote'': [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI)]]}. Thus the Avogadro constant ''N''A has the SI unit 'per mole' [mol-1], but more strictly the unit for counting entities per amount is 'units per mole' [x·mol-1] (compare [[elementary charge]]). Therefore, ''N''A is 'count per amount' with units 'counting units per mole'. The Avogadro constant times elementary charge is the [[Faraday constant]].raday constant]].)
Boltzmann constant + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|4 … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|400px|thumb|]] The '''Boltzmann constant''' ''k'' has the SI unit [J·K-1] (IUPAC), but more strictly the units for energy per particles per temperature is [J·x-1·K-1]. ''k'' = ''f''·''e''-1, the [[electrochemical constant]] ''f'' times the [[elementary charge]] ''e''. ''k'' = ''R''·''N''A-1, the [[gas constant]] ''R'' divided by the [[Avogadro constant]] ''N''A.gadro constant]] ''N''A.)
Gas constant + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|4 … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|400px|thumb|]] The '''gas constant''', ''R'' = 8.314462618 J·mol-1·K-1, has the SI unit for energy per amount per temperature. ''R'' is primarily known from the ideal gas equation, ''pV'' = ''nRT'' or ''p'' = ''cRT''. Therefore, ''RT'' is the ratio of pressure ''p'' and concentration ''c''. ''R'' = ''f''·''F'', the [[electrochemical constant]] ''f'' times the [[Faraday constant]] ''F''. ''R'' = ''k''·''N''A, the [[Boltzmann constant]] ''k'' times the [[Avogadro constant]] ''N''A.ogadro constant]] ''N''A.)
Electrochemical constant + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|right| … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|right|400px|thumb|]] The '''electrochemical constant''' ''f'' has the SI unit for energy per charge per temperature [J·C-1·K-1]. ''f'' = ''k''·''e''-1, the [[Boltzmann constant]] ''k'' divided by the [[elementary charge]] ''e''. ''f'' = ''R''·''F''-1, the [[gas constant]] ''R'' divided by the [[Faraday constant]] ''F''.raday constant]] ''F''.)
Format + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|right| … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|right|600px|thumb|Converstion between different motive formats and corresponding motive units ([[Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]])]].Different '''formats''' can be chosen to express physicochemical quantities ([[motive entity |motive entities]] or transformants) in corresponding [[motive unit]]s [MU]. Fundamental formats for electrochemical transformations are:* ''N'': particle or molecular format of a count; MU = x * ''n'': chemical or molar format of amount; MU = mol * ''e'': electrical format of charge; MU = C* ''m'': mass format; MU = kg* ''V'': volume format; MU = m3* ''G'': exergy format; MU = J* ''H'': enthalpy format; MU = J* ''S'': entropy format; MU = J·K-1lt;/u>: exergy format; MU = J * ''H'': enthalpy format; MU = J * ''S'': entropy format; MU = J·K-1)
Elementary charge + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|right| … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|right|400px|thumb|]] The '''elementary charge''' or proton charge ''e'' has the SI unit coulomb [C], but more strictly coulomb per elementary unit [C·x-1]. -''e'' is the charge per electron. Elementary charge ''e'' is the charge per [[elementary entity]] H+ with SI unit [C] but canonical SI unit [C·x-1]. When the charge ''Q''el [C] of a number ''N''e [x] of electrons e is divided by the count ''N''e, then the [[particle charge]] ''QNX'' (''QNX'') charge per elementary entity is obtained, -''e'' = ''Q''el/''N''e [C·x-1]. ''e'' is also used as an atomic unit.X'') charge per elementary entity is obtained, -''e'' = ''Q''el/''N''e [C·x-1]. ''e'' is also used as an atomic unit.)
T-Shirt: MitoFit + ([[File:Tshirt MitoFit OROBOROS.jpg|right|180px]] '''T-Shirt MitoFit''': Oroboros Logo on front, MitoFit Logo on back.)
Tube Racks + ([[File:Tube Racks.JPG|right|180px]]'''Tube Racks''': stainless steel, accomodating four 50-ml tubes, for cleaning of microsyringes, cleaning and storage of stoppers during cleaning of the [[O2k-chamber]]s; package of two (for a total of eight tubes).)
United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation + ([[File:UMDF LOGO.JPG|200px|left|UMDF]] The … [[File:UMDF LOGO.JPG|200px|left|UMDF]]The '''United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation''' (UMDF) was founded in 1996 to promote research and education for the diagnosis, treatment and cure of mitochondrial disorders and to provide support to affected individuals and families.port to affected individuals and families.)
V-ring\30-35-4.5 mm + ([[File:V-Ring 30-35-4.5.JPG|right|180px]] '''V-ring\30-35-4.5 mm''', mounted on [[O2k-Chamber Holder]] and [[O2k-Chamber Holder sV]].)
O-ring\Viton\18x2 mm + ([[File:Viton O-ring 18x2.jpg|right|180px|link=]] '''O-ring\[[Viton]]\18x2 mm''', mounted on the [[O2k-Chamber Holder]].)
SUIT-003 O2 ce D039 + ([[File:ce1;(ce2Omy);ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.jpg|300px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce D061 + ([[File:ce1;(ce2Omy);ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5DMSO;ce6DMSO;ce7Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce D060 + ([[File:ce1;(ce2Omy);ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Snv;ce6Mnanv;ce7Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-002 O2 ce-pce D007a + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1D;2M.1;3Oct;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama;12AsTm;13Azd.png|400px|SUIT-RP2 for PBMC and PLT]])
SUIT-002 O2 ce-pce D007 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1D;2M.1;3Oct;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama;12AsTm;13Azd.png|400px|SUIT-RP2]])
SUIT-008 O2 ce-pce D025 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;2c;3G;4S;5U;6Rot;7Ama;8AsTm;9Az.png|600px]])
SUIT-012 O2 ce-pce D052 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;2c;3G;4U;5Ama.png|450px]])
SUIT-001 O2 ce-pce D004 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;2c;3U;4G;5S;(6Oct);7Rot;8Gp;9Ama;10AsTm;11Azd.png|400px|SUIT-RP1 for PBMC and PLT]])
SUIT-001 O2 ce-pce D003 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;2c;3U;4G;5S;6Oct;7Rot;8Gp;9Ama;10AsTm;11Azd.png|600px|SUIT-RP1]])
SUIT-006 MgG ce-pce D085 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;3Cat;4U;5Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-006 Q ce-pce D073 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1Q2;1Rot;1S;2D;(3Omy);4U;5Anox;6Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-026 O2 ce-pce D088 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1S;2Rot;3D;3c;4Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce D062 + ([[File:ce1;ce1DMSO;(ce2Omy);ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-003 AmR ce D059 + ([[File:ce1;ce1H2O;ce1MiR05;ce1DMSO;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|500px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce-pce D013 + ([[File:ce1;ce1P;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Glc;ce5M;ce6Rot;ce7S;1Dig;1c;2Ama;3AsTm;4Azd.png|600px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce-pce D020 + ([[File:ce1;ce1P;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5S;1Dig;1c;2Ama;3AsTm;4Azd.png|600px]])
SUIT-003 Ce1;ce1P;ce3U;ce4Glc;ce5M;ce6Rot;ce7S;1Dig;1c;2Ama;3AsTm;4Azd + ([[File:ce1;ce1P;ce3U;ce4Glc;ce5M;ce6Rot;ce7S;1Dig;1c;2Ama;3AsTm;4Azd.png|600px]])
SUIT-003 Ce1;ce1SD;ce2Omy;ce3U- + ([[File:ce1;ce1SD;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|200px]])
SUIT-003 AmR ce D058 + ([[File:ce1;ce1SOD;ce1HRP;ce1AmR;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|500px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce D050 + ([[File:ce1;ce1Snv;(ce2Omy);ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-022 O2 ce D051 + ([[File:ce1;ce2KCN;ce3SHAM.v2.png|350px]] [[File:ce1;ce2KCN;ce3SHAM.png|350px]])
SUIT-022 + ([[File:ce1;ce2KCN;ce3SHAM.v2.png|400px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce D028 + ([[File:ce1;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5S;ce6Ama.png|500px]])
SUIT-003 AmR ce D017 + ([[File:ce1;ce2P;ce3Omy;ce4U;ce5Rot;ce6S;ce7Ama.png|500px]])
SUIT-010 + ([[File:ce1;ce2Rot;ce3S;ce4D;1Dig;1c.png|400px|Respirometric test of optimum digitonin concentration ]])
SUIT-010 O2 ce-pce D008 + ([[File:ce1;ce2Rot;ce3S;ce4D;1Dig;1c.png|400px|Respirometric test of optimum digitonin concentration ]])

SUIT-003 Ce1;ce2SD;ce3Omy;ce4U- + ([[File:ce1;ce2SD;ce3Omy;ce4U;ce5Rot;ce6Ama.png|200px]])

SUIT-003 Ce1;ce2SD;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama + ([[File:ce1;ce2SD;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|200px]])
SUIT-023 O2 ce D053 + ([[File:ce1;ce2SHAM;ce3KCN.png|350px]])
SUIT-023 + ([[File:ce1;ce2SHAM;ce3KCN.png|400px]])
SUIT-006 02 mt D108 + ([[File:mt;1PGM;2D;2c;(3Omy);4U;5Myx.png|300 px]])
SUIT-006 NADH mt D084 + ([[File:mt;1PGM;2D;3(Omy);4U;5Anox;6Myx;7Reox.png|350px]])
SUIT-006 Q mt D071 + ([[File:mt;1Q2;1Rot;1S;2D;(3Omy);4U;5Anox;6Ama.png|400px]])
Stopper\white PVDF\conical Shaft\central Port + ([[Image:30221-24 PVDF Stopper.jpg|right|18 … [[Image:30221-24 PVDF Stopper.jpg|right|180px]] '''Stopper\white PVDF\conical Shaft\central Port''': for closing the 2-mL [[O2k-chamber]], with one capillary and conical basis; including [[Volume-Calibration Ring]] (A or B) for volume adjustment (1.5 to 3.2 mL); 2 mounted O-rings ([[O-ring\Viton\12x1 mm]]).'''Discontinued '''[[O-ring\Viton\12x1 mm]]). '''Discontinued ''')
TIP2k-Needle Spacer + ([[Image:80600-24 Spacers f. TIP2k needle.JPG|right|180px]]'''TIP2k-Needle Spacers''' for microinjection TIP2k needle, silicone stops (200/Pkg.) with mounting tool.)
ISE-Ca2+ Membranes + ([[Image:Ca2+ membranes.jpg|right|180px]]'''ISE-Ca2+ Membranes''': PVC, 4 mm diameter, box of 5 membranes. To be used with the [[O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module]].)
O2k-Chamber Holder + ([[Image:Chamber holder PVDF Stopper.jpg|ri … [[Image:Chamber holder PVDF Stopper.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2k-Chamber Holder''' (blue POM) for PVDF or PEEK stoppers (2-mL [[O2k-chamber]]), with [[O-ring\Viton\18x2 mm]] and [[V-ring\30-35-4.5 mm]]. Two units of this item are standard components mounted on the [[O2k-Main Unit]].[[O2k-Main Unit]].)
Cover-Slip\black + ([[Image:Cover-Slip_black.JPG|180px|right]] … [[Image:Cover-Slip_black.JPG|180px|right]] A '''Cover-Slip''' should be placed on top of the O2k-Stopper to minimize contamination and evaporation of liquid extruding from the capillary of the stopper. The Cover-Slips do not exert any direct effect on oxygen backdiffusion into the [[O2k-chamber]]. Use the the '''Cover-Slip\black''' to avoid light penetration and disturbance of fluorescence signals and generally for optical measurements in the O2k.rally for optical measurements in the O2k.)
SmartPOS + ([[Image:DSC_0491_SmartPOS.jpg|right|180px] … [[Image:DSC_0491_SmartPOS.jpg|right|180px]]The '''SmartPOS''' is a [[polarographic oxygen sensor]] (POS), for O2k-Series J and XB onward, with an amperometric mode of operation. The SmartPOS combines the previous [[OroboPOS]] and [[OroboPOS-Connector]] and is automatically recognized by the software DatLab 8. Combination of the previously separated components in one piece, protects the electrical connections. The SmartPOS is, like the [[OroboPOS]], a Clark type polarographic oxygen sensor (POS), which remains the gold standard for measuring dissolved oxygen in biomedical, environmental and industrial applications over a wide dynamic oxygen range. The SmartPOS meets the highest quality criteria in terms of linearity, stability and sensitivity of the signal.The sensor consists of a gold cathode, a silver/silverchloride anode and a KCl electrolyte reservoir separated from the sample by a 25 µm membrane (FEP). With application of a polarization voltage (0.8 V), a current is obtained as an amperometric signal.ent is obtained as an amperometric signal.)
E-L net ET capacity + ([[Image:E-L.jpg|50 px|E-L net ET capacity] … [[Image:E-L.jpg|50 px|E-L net ET capacity]] The '''''E-L'' net ET capacity''' is the [[ET capacity]] corrected for [[LEAK respiration]]. ''E-L'' is the respiratory capacity potentially available for ion transport and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Oxygen consumption in the ET-pathway state, therefore, is partitioned into the ''E-L'' net ET capacity and LEAK respiration ''LP'', compensating for proton leaks, slip and cation cycling: ''E'' = ''E-L''+''LP'' (see [[P-L net OXPHOS capacity]]).[[P-L net OXPHOS capacity]]).)
Electrolyte\Reference-Electrode + ([[Image:Electrolyte Reference-Electrode.jpg|right|180px|link=http://www.bioblast.at/index.php/Electrolyte%5CReference-Electrode]]'''Electrolyte\Reference-Electrode''' for [[Reference-Electrode\2.4 mm]])
E-P excess capacity + ([[Image:ExP.jpg|60 px|link=E-P excess capa … [[Image:ExP.jpg|60 px|link=E-P excess capacity|''E-P'' excess capacity]] The '''''E-P'' excess capacity''' is the difference of the [[ET capacity]] and [[OXPHOS capacity]]. At ''E-P'' > 0, the capacity of the [[phosphorylation system]] exerts a limiting effect on OXPHOS capacity. In addition, ''E-P'' depends on coupling efficiency, since ''P'' aproaches ''E'' at increasing uncoupling.P'' aproaches ''E'' at increasing uncoupling.)
E-R reserve capacity + ([[Image:ExR.jpg|60 px|E-R reserve capacity]] The '''''E-R'' reserve capacity''' is the difference of [[ET capacity]] and [[ROUTINE respiration]]. For further information, see [[Cell ergometry]].)
Filter Set AmR + ([[Image:Filter Set AmR.JPG|180px|right]]'' … [[Image:Filter Set AmR.JPG|180px|right]]'''Filter Set AmR''': Set of filters for the determination of H2O2 production with [[Amplex UltraRed]]. These filters should be used together with [[Fluorescence-Sensor Green]]. The filter set consists of 6 LED filters (round) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).d) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).)
Filter-Cap + ([[Image:Filter-Cap.JPG|180px|right]]'''Fil … [[Image:Filter-Cap.JPG|180px|right]]'''Filter-Cap''': O2k-Fluo LED2-Module (O2k-Series D to G) sensors ([[Fluorescence-Sensor Green]] and [[Fluorescence-Sensor Blue]]) and O2k-FluoRespirometer (O2k-Series H to I) sensors ([[Smart Fluo-Sensor Green]] and [[Smart Fluo-Sensor Blue]]) are equipped with a removable Filter-Cap for exchange of optical filters for the optical pathways from the LED to the sample and from the sample to the photodiode.ple and from the sample to the photodiode.)
Filter Set MgG / CaG + ([[Image:Filter_Set_MgG_CaG.JPG|180px|right … [[Image:Filter_Set_MgG_CaG.JPG|180px|right]]'''Filter set MgG / CaG''': Set of filters for the determination of concentraions of Mg2+ or Ca2+ with the fluorophores [[Magnesium green]] and [[Calcium green]], respectively. These filters should be used together with [[Fluorescence-Sensor Blue]] or [[Smart Fluo-Sensor Blue]]. The filter set consists of 6 LED filters (round) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).d) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).)
Filter Set Saf + ([[Image:Filter_Set_Saf.JPG|180px|right]]'' … [[Image:Filter_Set_Saf.JPG|180px|right]]'''Filter set Saf''': Set of filters for the (qualitative) determination of mitochondrial membrane potential with [[Safranin]]. These filters should be used together with [[Fluorescence-Sensor Blue]] or [[Smart Fluo-Sensor Blue]]. The filter set consists of 6 LED filters (round) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).d) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).)
Fluorescence-Control Unit + ([[Image:Fluorescence-Control Unit lettered … [[Image:Fluorescence-Control Unit lettered.jpg|180px|right]] '''Fluorescence-Control Unit''' with O2k-Front Fixation, Current-Control (O2k-Chamber A and B) for regulation of light intensity of the LED in the fluorescence sensors. This item is a standard component of the [[O2k-Fluorescence LED2-Module]].[[O2k-Fluorescence LED2-Module]].)
O2k-Fluo LED2-Module + ([[Image:Fluorescence-Control Unit lettered … [[Image:Fluorescence-Control Unit lettered.jpg|180px|right]] The '''O2k-Fluo LED2-Module''' is a component of the O2k-Fluorometer (O2k-Series D to G). It is an amperometric add-on module to the [[O2k-Core]] (O2k-Series D to G), adding a new dimension to high-resolution respirometry. Optical sensors are inserted through the front window of the O2k-glass chambers, for measurement of hydrogen peroxide production (Amplex® UltraRed), ATP production (Magnesium Green™), mt-membrane potential (Safranin, TMRM, Rhodamine 123), Ca2+ (Calcium Green™), and numerous other applications open for O2k-user innovation.erous other applications open for O2k-user innovation.)
Fluorescence-Sensor Blue + ([[Image:Fluorescence-Sensor Blue.JPG|180px … [[Image:Fluorescence-Sensor Blue.JPG|180px|right]]'''Fluorescence-Sensor Blue''': excitation LED 465 nm (dominant wavelength), photodiode, [[Filter-Cap]] equipped with [[Filter Set Saf]] for measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential with [[Safranin]] when delivered. The filter set [[Filter Set MgG / CaG]] for [[Magnesium green]]® / [[Calcium green]]® measurements is included.[Calcium green]]® measurements is included.)
Fluorescence-Sensor Green + ([[Image:Fluorescence-Sensor Green.JPG|180p … [[Image:Fluorescence-Sensor Green.JPG|180px|right]]'''Fluorescence-Sensor Green''': excitation LED 525 nm (dominant wavelength), photodiode, [[Filter-Cap]] equipped with [[Filter Set AmR]] for [[Amplex® UltraRed|Amplex UltraRed]] measurements when delivered.[[Amplex® UltraRed|Amplex UltraRed]] measurements when delivered.)
Forceps for membrane application + ([[Image:Forcep for membrane application.jpg|right|180px]]'''Forceps for membrane application''': for [[OroboPOS]] and [[ISE]] membrane application; do not use for tissue preparation.)
Forceps\stainless Steel\angular Tip\fine + ([[Image:Forcep for tissue preparation angular tip.jpg|180px|right]]'''Forceps\stainless Steel\angular Tip\fine''': for [[tissue preparation]], stainless steel. Two pairs are used particularly for muscle fiber separation.)
Forceps\stainless Steel\rounded Tip\sharp + ([[Image:Forcep for tissue preparation roun … [[Image:Forcep for tissue preparation rounded tip.jpg|right|180px]]'''Forceps\stainless Steel\rounded Tip\sharp''': for [[tissue preparation]], stainless steel, antimagnetic. One pair is recommended for placing the tissue sample onto the [[Microbalance 120 g | microbalance]] and for handling in combination with [[Forceps\stainless Steel\straight Tip\sharp]].[[Forceps\stainless Steel\straight Tip\sharp]].)
Forceps\stainless Steel\straight Tip\sharp + ([[Image:Forcep for tissue preparation stra … [[Image:Forcep for tissue preparation straight tip.jpg|right|180px]]'''Forceps\stainless Steel\straight Tip\sharp''': for [[tissue preparation]], stainless steel, antimagnetic. One pair is recommended for insertion of the sample into the [[O2k-chamber]] and for handling in combination with [[Forceps\stainless Steel\rounded Tip\sharp]].[[Forceps\stainless Steel\rounded Tip\sharp]].)
O2k-Fuse Power Plug\M2.5 A\5x20 mm + ([[Image:Fuses mains.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2 … [[Image:Fuses mains.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2k-Fuse Power Plug\M2.5 A\5x20 mm''': This item is a standard component of the [[O2k-Assembly Kit]] ([[O2k-FluoRespirometer]]), mounted on the socket for the [[O2k-Main Power Cable]], at the rear panel of the [[O2k-Main Unit]].[[O2k-Main Unit]].)
Syringe\60 mL\Gas-Injection + ([[Image:Gas injection syringe.jpg|right|180px]]'''Syringe\60 mL\Gas-Injection''', 60 mL, with spacer and stainless steel needle, flat tip, for gas injection into the [[O2k-chamber]].)
Syringe\10 mL\Gas-Injection + ([[Image:Gas injection syringe.jpg|right|180px]]'''Syringe\10 mL\Gas-Injection''', 10 mL, with spacer and stainless steel needle, flat tip, for gas injection into the [[O2k-chamber]]. 2 syringes are supplied with [[Oxia]].)
Stopper-Spacer + ([[Image:Gas spacer for Stopper.jpg|right|1 … [[Image:Gas spacer for Stopper.jpg|right|180px]]'''Stopper-Spacer''' (or '''gas spacer''') to set the O2k-Stopper into a standard position for a fixed gas phase above the aqueous phase in the 2-mL [[O2k-chamber]], during air calibration or for injection of nitrogen, argon or oxygen into the gas phase; Stopper-Spacer thickness of 4mm (a deviation of +/- 10% possible). of 4mm (a deviation of +/- 10% possible).)
Microsyringe\10 mm3 51/0.13 mm + ([[Image:Hamilton Syringes for Manual Titration.jpg|right|180px]]Hamilton '''Microsyringe\10 mm3 51/0.13 mm''' for manual titrations, 10 mm3 volume; fixed injection needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.13 mm inner diameter.)
ISE-Membrane Mounting Tool + ([[Image:ISA-Membrane Mounting Tool.JPG|180px|right]]'''ISE-Membrane Mounting Tool''' for [[Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+]]. [[O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module]]: mounting tool included.)
ISE Package 1 TPP or Ca + ([[Image:ISE Package 1 TPP or Ca.JPG|180px|right]] '''O2k-TPP+ and Ca2+ ISE\1 Chamber''': [[ISE]]-Package for 1 TPP+ and Ca2+ electrode.)
ISE-Compressible Tube + ([[Image:ISE-Compressible_Tube.JPG|180px|right]]'''ISE-Compressible Tube''' for [[Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+]].)
ISE-Filling Syringe + ([[Image:ISE-Filling Syringe.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISE-Filling Syringe''' with needle for [[Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+]].)
ISE-Inner Glass Electrode + ([[Image:ISE-Inner_Glass_Electrode.JPG|180px|right]]'''ISE-Inner Glass Electrode''' of [[ISE]], with Ag/AgCl- and Pt-wire)
ISE-Membrane Seal + ([[Image:ISE-Membrane Seal.JPG|180px|right]]'''ISE-Membrane Seal''' for [[Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+]].)
ISE-TPP+ Membranes + ([[Image:ISE-TPP+ Membranes.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISE-TPP+ Membranes''', PVC, 4 mm diameter, box of 5 membranes.)
ISS-Filter and Tubing + ([[Image:ISS-Filter and Tubing.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISS-Filter and Tubing''', [[ISS-Integrated Suction System]].)
ISS-Lid + ([[Image:ISS-Lid.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISS-Lid''', for [[ISS-Waste Bottle]], component of the [[ISS-Integrated Suction System]].)
ISS-Steel Housing + ([[Image:ISS-Steel_Housing.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISS-Steel Housing''', a component of the [[ISS-Integrated Suction System]].)
ISS-Waste Bottle + ([[Image:ISS-Waste Bottle.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISS-Waste Bottle''', 2-liter, component of the [[ISS-Integrated Suction System]].)
ISS-Integrated Suction System + ([[Image:ISS.jpg|180px|right]]'''ISS-Integr … [[Image:ISS.jpg|180px|right]]'''ISS-Integrated Suction System''': Suction pump with stainless steel housing, [[ISS-Waste Bottle|2 liter waste bottle]], [[ISS-Filter_and_Tubing|filter and tubing]]; for siphoning off excess medium from the O2k-Stopper and for emptying the [[O2k-chamber]]s. The ISS is included as a standard component of the [[O2k-Core|O2k-FluoRespirometer]]. Media containing living cells or microorganisms, various poisons (inhibitors, uncouplers) and mixtures of proteins and substrates are safely disposed off in the 2-litre waste bottle. disposed off in the 2-litre waste bottle.)
Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+ + ([[Image:Ion-Selective_Electrode_TPP+_and_Ca2+.JPG|180px|right]]'''Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+''': [[ISE]] with 6 mm outer diameter shaft, for [[Stopper\white PVDF\angular Shaft\side+6.2+2.6 mm Port]]. [[O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module]]: 2 ISE.)
L/E coupling-control ratio + ([[Image:L over E.jpg|50 px|LEAK control ra … [[Image:L over E.jpg|50 px|LEAK control ratio]] The '''''L/E'' coupling-control ratio''' is the flux ratio of [[LEAK respiration]] over [[ET capacity]], as determined by measurement of oxygen consumption in ''L'' and ''E'' sequentially. The ''L/E'' coupling-control ratio is an index of [[uncoupling]] or [[dyscoupling]] at constant ET-capacity. ''L/E'' increases with uncoupling from a theoretical minimum of 0.0 for a fully coupled system, to 1.0 for a fully uncoupled system.stem, to 1.0 for a fully uncoupled system.)
L/P coupling-control ratio + ([[Image:L over P.jpg|50 px|''L/P'' couplin … [[Image:L over P.jpg|50 px|''L/P'' coupling-control ratio]] The '''''L/P'' coupling-control ratio''' or LEAK/OXPHOS coupling-control ratio combines the effects of coupling (''L/E'') and limitation by the phosphorylation system (''P/E''); ''L/P'' = (''L/E'') / (''P/E'') = 1/[[RCR]].[[RCR]].)
L/R coupling-control ratio + ([[Image:L over R.jpg|50 px|''L/R'' couplin … [[Image:L over R.jpg|50 px|''L/R'' coupling-control ratio]] The '''''L/R'' coupling-control ratio''' or LEAK/ROUTINE coupling-control ratio combines the effects of coupling (''L/E''), physiological control of energy demand, and limitation by the OXPHOS capacity.nd, and limitation by the OXPHOS capacity.)
Oroboros Instruments Corp + ([[Image:Logo OROBOROS INSTRUMENTS.jpg|180p … [[Image:Logo OROBOROS INSTRUMENTS.jpg|180px|left|link=About Oroboros]]:::: '''[[OROBOROS INSTRUMENTS |Oroboros Instruments]]''' distributes the gold standard O2k-technology for [[high-resolution respirometry]] - '''HRR''' - [[O2k-Network|world-wide]]. The [[Oroboros_Contact|Oroboros Company]] is a scientifically oriented organization, with emphasis on continuous innovation. The extension of the '''Oroboros O2k''' to the '''[[O2k-FluoRespirometer]]''' sets a new standard. Its modular design provides the flexibility for add-on O2k-Modules (see [[Oroboros O2k-Catalogue]]). The O2k is established internationally, with [[O2k-Publications: Topics |»4294 O2k-Publications]] in the scientific literature covering areas ranging from fundamental bioenergetics to the analysis of mitochondrial and metabolic diseases, advancing the rapidly growing field of preventive mitochondrial medicine. The [[Oroboros Contact|Oroboros science team]] actively participates in science and research ([[AT Innsbruck Oroboros|see: publications]]). Moreover, the Oroboros O2k-Laboratory frequently host international researchers ([[Oroboros Laboratories: visiting scientists |visiting scientists]]). Oroboros Instruments organizes international [[Oroboros_Events#Next_O2k-Workshops |O2k-Workshops]] on a regular basis. The [[O2k-Network]] includes and connects 744 reference laboratories worldwide. The [[NextGen-O2k]] extends HRR to include a Q-redox sensor and PhotoBiology module. a Q-redox sensor and PhotoBiology module.)
DatLab + ([[Image:Logo OROBOROS-DatLab.jpg|200px|rig … [[Image:Logo OROBOROS-DatLab.jpg|200px|right|DatLab]]'''DatLab''' is the O2k-Software for Data Acquisition & Analysis, specifically developed for [[high-resolution respirometry]] with the O2k.The newest DatLab version is '''DatLab 8''', included in the O2k-Packages. NextGen-O2k and O2k-Series J* and higher come with DatLab 8 installed on the integrated PC (Linux). DatLab 8 is required for the NextGen-O2k. DatLab 8.1 is compatible with O2k-Series (E and higher).The DatLab software is designed for 64-bit versions of Windows operating systems and does not run on MAC devices.The minimum computer requirements are Intel-Core-2 or equivalent CPU, 2GB RAM and Windows XP (64-bit version). However, we recommend Intel i5 or equivalent CPU, 4GB RAM, Windows 10 (64-bit version) and SSD. For the proper display of DatLab on your computer, please make sure the “Language settings” are set to English.*Optionally available without integrated PC.ptionally available without integrated PC.)
DatLab installation + ([[Image:Logo OROBOROS-DatLab.jpg|left|60px … [[Image:Logo OROBOROS-DatLab.jpg|left|60px||link=http://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/DatLab |DatLab]]We recommend a 'clean install' for '''DatLab installation''': rename your previous DatLab programme subdirectory (''e.g.'' C:\DatLab_OLD). The standard '''Instrumental and SUIT DL-Protocols''' package is automatically implemented with the simple DatLab programme installation. the simple DatLab programme installation.)
MiPSociety + ([[Image:MiPsocietyLOGO.JPG|left|200px|link … [[Image:MiPsocietyLOGO.JPG|left|200px|link=http://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/Mitochondrial_Physiology_Society|MiP''society'']]The '''Mitochondrial Physiology Society''' (MiP) has been founded to organize MiP''conferences'', MiP''schools'', and MiP''workshops'' worldwide. MiP has been founded at the Third Conference on Mitochondrial Physiology (MiP2003, Schroecken, Austria). The MiP''society'' is an international organization, based in Europe and operating world-wide. based in Europe and operating world-wide.)
Microbalance-Transport Case + ([[Image:Microbalance-Transport_Case.jpg|180px|right]]'''Microbalance transport case''', not suitable for shipping)
Microbalance 120 g + ([[Image:Microbalance_120 g.jpg|right|180px]]'''Microbalance''' max 120 g; 0.01 mg display; particularly for [[wet weight]] determination of [[permeabilized fibres]].)
O2k-Catalogue: Microbalance Mettler-Toledo + ([[Image:Microbalance_Set.jpg|180px|right]]''''' Microbalance Mettler-Toledo''''')
Microsyringe\100 mm3 51/0.41 mm + ([[Image:Microsyringe 100 mm3 51 0.41 mm - … [[Image:Microsyringe 100 mm3 51 0.41 mm - Kopie.JPG|right|180px]]Hamilton '''Microsyringe\100 mm3 51/0.41 mm''' for manual titrations, 100 mm3 volume; fixed needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.41 mm inner diameter. It is recommended for injections of suspensions of isolated mitochondria.ecommended for injections of suspensions of isolated mitochondria.)
Microsyringe\50 mm3 51/0.15 mm + ([[Image:Microsyringe 100 mm3 51 0.41 mm - Kopie.JPG|right|180px]] Hamilton '''Microsyringe\50 mm3 51/0.15 mm''' for manual titrations, 50 mm3 volume; fixed needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.15 mm inner diameter.)
Microsyringe\25 mm3 51/0.15 mm + ([[Image:Microsyringe 25 mm3 51 0.15 mm.JPG|right|180px]]Hamilton '''Microsyringe\25 mm3 51/0.15 mm''' for manual titrations, 25 mm3 volume; fixed needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.15 mm inner diameter.)
Microsyringe\500 mm3\TIP2k + ([[Image:Microsyringe 500 mm3 TIP2k.JPG|right|180px]]'''Microsyringe\500 mm3\TIP2k''': Microinjection syringe for [[Titration-Injection microPump]], 500 mm3 (µl), fixed injection needle with rounded tip, with spacers.)
Microsyringe\200 mm3\TIP2k + ([[Image:Microsyringe200 mm3TIP2k.JPG|right|180px]]'''Microsyringe\200 mm3\TIP2k''': Microinjection syringe for [[Titration-Injection microPump]], 200 mm3 (µl), fixed injection needle with rounded tip, with spacers.)
NADH-Sensor + ([[Image:NADH sesnor 003.png|right|180px]] … [[Image:NADH sesnor 003.png|right|180px]] The '''NADH-Sensor''' has been developed as a part of the [[NADH-Module]] for simultaneous monitoring of oxygen consumption and [[NADH redox state]]. The NADH-Sensor is composed of a photodiode and equipped with three supergel R370 Italian blue filters (Rosco, US).gel R370 Italian blue filters (Rosco, US).)
NADH-Module + ([[Image:NADH-Module - 12700-01.jpg|right|1 … [[Image:NADH-Module - 12700-01.jpg|right|180px]] The '''NADH-Module''', is a component of the [[NextGen-O2k]] for simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption and NAD(P)H autofluorescence. NAD(P)H autofluorescence is used to evaluate the redox state of the NAD(P)H-pool. The NADH-Module incorporates an UV light and [[NADH-Sensor]]s which include a photodiode and specific filters.include a photodiode and specific filters.)
Net P/E control ratio + ([[Image:NetP over E.jpg|60 px|net P/E cont … [[Image:NetP over E.jpg|60 px|net P/E control ratio]] The '''net P/E control ratio''', (''P-L'')/''E'', expresses the [[OXPHOS capacity]] (corrected for [[LEAK respiration]]) as a fraction of [[ET capacity]]. The net ''P/E'' control ratio remains constant, if [[dyscoupling]] is fully compensated by an increase of OXPHOS capacity and [[net OXPHOS capacity P-L]], ''P-L'', is maintained constant.[[net OXPHOS capacity P-L]], ''P-L'', is maintained constant.)
Net R/E control ratio + ([[Image:NetR over E.jpg|60 px|net R/E cont … [[Image:NetR over E.jpg|60 px|net R/E control ratio]] The '''net ''R/E'' control ratio''', (''R-L'')/''E'', expresses phosphorylation-related respiration (corrected for [[LEAK respiration]]) as a fraction of [[ET capacity]]. The net ''R/E'' control ratio remains constant, if [[dyscoupling]] is fully compensated by an increase of ROUTINE respiration and [[R-L net ROUTINE capacity]], ''R-L'', is maintained constant.[[R-L net ROUTINE capacity]], ''R-L'', is maintained constant.)
O2-Zero Powder + ([[Image:O2-Zero Powder.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2-Zero Powder''', [[dithionite]] (Na2S2O4), for zero-oxygen calibration of the [[OroboPOS]].)
Oroboros O2k-Core (O2k-Series D - G) + ([[Image:O2k-Core-Concept.jpg|200px|right]] … [[Image:O2k-Core-Concept.jpg|200px|right]] '''Oroboros O2k-Core - Former Series''' '''(O2k-Series D - G)''' - the experimental system complete for basic [[high-resolution respirometry]] (HRR). The O2k-Core includes the [[O2k-Main Unit]] with stainless steel housing, [[O2k-Assembly Kit]], two [[OroboPOS]] (polarographic oxygen sensors) and [[OroboPOS-Service Kit]], [[DatLab]] software, the [[ISS-Integrated Suction System]] and the [[O2k-Titration Set]]. The O2k-Core supports all add-on O2k-Modules of the O2k.On-line display of oxygen flux (rate of respiration) is provided in addition to the conventional 'oxygraphic' plot of oxygen concentration over time. Highest signal stability minimizes the required amounts of biological sample, and provides the basis for resolution in the extreme low-oxygen range. Peltier temperature control provides a thermal stability at ±0.002 °C in the range of 4 °C to 47 °C at typical constant room temperature. Electronically controlled PVDF or PEEK stirrers are integrated in the two-chamber design of the O2k, and a barometric pressure transducer enables automatic oxygen calibrations implemented in the DatLab software.The O2k is a sole source apparatus with no other instruments meeting its [[MiPNet06.05 Test Experiments on O2k-Specifications | specifications]].PNet06.05 Test Experiments on O2k-Specifications | specifications]].)
O2k-Dissection Set + ([[Image:O2k-Dissection-Set.jpg|180px|right]]'''O2k-Dissection Set''': for [[tissue preparation]], set of 4 pairs of stainless steel, antimagnetic forceps and a pair of scissors.)
O2k-Fluorometer Series G + ([[Image:O2k-Fluorometer Series G.jpg|200px … [[Image:O2k-Fluorometer Series G.jpg|200px|right|O2k-Fluorometer Series G]] '''O2k-Fluorometer Series G - Former Series''' (up to 2017-July) - the experimental system complete for [[high-resolution respirometry]] (HRR) combined with [[fluorometry]]. The O2k-Fluorometer includes the [[O2k-Core]], [[O2k-Fluo LED2-Module]] and [[TIP2k-Module |TIP2k]], and supports all other add-on O2k-Modules of the [[Oroboros O2k]].The O2k is a sole source apparatus with no other instruments meeting its [[MiPNet06.05 Test Experiments on O2k-Specifications | test experiments on O2k-Specifications]].[[MiPNet06.05 Test Experiments on O2k-Specifications | test experiments on O2k-Specifications]].)
High-resolution respirometry + ([[Image:O2k-Fluorometer.jpg|200px|left|O2k … [[Image:O2k-Fluorometer.jpg|200px|left|O2k-FluoRespirometer]] '''High-resolution respirometry, HRR''', is the state-of-the-art approach in mitochondria and cell research to measure respiration in various types of [[mitochondrial preparations]] and [[living cells]] combined with MultiSensor modules. Mitochondrial function and dysfunction have gained increasing interest, reflecting growing awareness of the fact that mitochondria play a pivotal role in human health and disease. HRR combines instrumental accuracy and reliability with the versatility of applicable protocols, allowing practically unlimited addition and combination of substrates, inhibitors, and uncouplers using the [[Oroboros O2k-technology]]. Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocols allow the interrogation of numerous mitochondrial pathway and coupling states in a single respirometric assay. Mitochondrial respiratory pathways may be analyzed in detail to evaluate even minor alterations in respiratory coupling and pathway control patterns. The O2k-technology provides sole source instruments, with no other available instrument meeting its specifications for high-resolution respirometry. Technologically, HRR is based on the Oroboros O2k-technology, combining optimized chamber design, application of oxygen-tight materials, electrochemical sensors, Peltier-temperature control, and specially developed software features (DatLab) to obtain the unique sensitive and quantitative resolution of oxygen concentration and oxygen flux, with both, a closed-chamber or open-chamber mode of operation ([[TIP2k-Module|TIP2k]]). Standardized calibration of the polarographic oxygen sensor (static sensor calibration), calibration of the sensor response time (dynamic sensor calibration), and evaluation of instrumental background oxygen flux (systemic flux compensation) provide the experimental basis for high accuracy of quantitative results and quality control in HRR. HRR can be extended for MultiSensor analysis by using the [[O2k-Fluo Smart-Module]]. [[Smart Fluo-Sensor]]s are integrated into the O2k to measure simultaneously fluorometric signals using specific fluorophores. Potentiometric modules are available with ion-selective electrodes (pH, TPP+). The [[PB-Module]] extends HRR to PhotoBiology with accurate control of the light intensity and measurement of photosynthesis. The O2k and the NextGen-O2k support all these O2k-Modules. The [[NextGen-O2k]] all-in-one, however, is unique in supporting Q-Redox and NADH-Redox Modules.s unique in supporting Q-Redox and NADH-Redox Modules.)
O2k-FluoRespirometer + ([[Image:O2k-Fluorometer.jpg|200px|right|O2 … [[Image:O2k-Fluorometer.jpg|200px|right|O2k-FluoRespirometer]] The Oroboros '''O2k-FluoRespirometer''' - the experimental system complete for [[high-resolution respirometry]] (HRR), including fluorometry, the [[TIP2k-Module |TIP2k]] and the [[O2k-sV-Module]] allowing simultaneous monitoring of oxygen consumption together with either ROS production (AmR), mt-membrane potential (TMRM, Safranin and Rhodamine 123), Ca2+ (CaG) or ATP production (MgG). The '''O2k-FluoRespirometer''' supports all add-on [[O2k-Catalogue: O2k-Modules |O2k-Modules]]: [[O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module]], [[O2k-pH ISE-Module]], [[O2k-NO Amp-Module]], enabling measurement of mt-membrane potential with ion sensitive electrodes (ISE for TPP+ or TPMP+) or pH.s (ISE for TPP+ or TPMP+) or pH.)
O2k-Specifications + ([[Image:O2k-Info.png|right|30px|link=Orobo … [[Image:O2k-Info.png|right|30px|link=Oroboros O2k]]'''O2k versus multiwell respirometer''': '''O2k''' stands for Oroboros O2k and '''[[high-resolution respirometry]]''', meeting powerful quality criteria securing '''high output''' and pioneering state-of-the-art [[Gnaiger_2012_MitoPathways|comprehensive OXPHOS analysis]] of substrate control and coupling control of mitochondrial function. 'High throughput' stands for disposable multiwell systems - expensive, with limited scope and extremely high running costs. In respirometry, high throughput is not equivalent to high output. ''If you’re using a biased instrument, it doesn’t matter how many measurements you take – you’re aiming at the wrong target'' ([[Silver 2012 Penguin Press]]). 2012 Penguin Press]]).)
O2k-Main Power Cable\120 V\US-CA + ([[Image:O2k-Main Power Cable 120 V US-CA.JPG|180px|right]]'''O2k-Main Power Cable\120 V\US-CA''', USA and Canada (120 V).)
O2k-Main Power Cable\230 V\Europe + ([[Image:O2k-Main Power Cable 230 V Europe.JPG|right|180px]]'''O2k-Main Power Cable\230 V\Europe'''.)
O2k-Main Power Cable\230 V\AU-NZ + ([[Image:O2k-Main_Power_Cable_230_V_AU-NZ.JPG|180px|right]]'''O2k-Main Power Cable\AU-NZ''', Australia and New Zealand (230 V).)
O2k-NO Amp-Module + ([[Image:O2k-NO Amp-Module.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2k-NO Amp-Module''': NO-sensor compatability pack an amperometric add-on for O2k-MultiSensor application The NO sensor is not included.)
O2k-Network Reference Laboratory + ([[Image:O2k-Network.png|left|100px|O2k-Network Reference Laboratory]] '''O2k-Network Reference Laboratories''' build a WorldWide network on [[high-resolution respirometry]] and mitochondrial physiology, the Oroboros [[O2k-Network]].)
Titration Set Upgrade + ([[Image:O2k-Titration Set.JPG|right|180px] … [[Image:O2k-Titration Set.JPG|right|180px]]The '''Titration Set Upgrade''' consists of the new items of the [[O2k-Titration Set]] for upgrading your original set (consisting only of Hamilton microsyringes). The upgrade consists of the [[Syringe Storage Box]] with [[Syringe Labels]], a set of two [[Syringe Racks]] with [[Syringe Collars]], and a set of two [[Tube Racks]] including tubes as well as an additional syringe (1 x 100 mm3).ditional syringe (1 x 100 mm3).)
O2k-Titration Set + ([[Image:O2k-Titration Set.JPG|right|180px] … [[Image:O2k-Titration Set.JPG|right|180px]] The '''O2k-Titration Set''' consists of Hamilton microsyringes (6 x 10 mm3 and 3 spare plungers, 6 x 25 mm3, 1 x 50 mm3, 1 x 100 mm3, 1 x 500 mm3; fixed needles with rounded tips), provided in the [[Syringe Storage Box]] with [[Syringe Labels]], a set of two [[Syringe Racks]] with [[Syringe Collars]], and a set of two [[Tube Racks]].[[Tube Racks]].)
O2k-Window Frame + ([[Image:O2k-Window Frame.JPG|right|180px]] … [[Image:O2k-Window Frame.JPG|right|180px]] '''O2k-Window Frame''': blue POM, with thread for fixation on the [[O2k-Main Unit]], to be removed only for rare cleaning purposes and for front fixation of the [[Fluorescence-Control Unit]], using the [[O2k-Window Tool]].[[O2k-Window Tool]].)
O2k-Window Tool + ([[Image:O2k-Window Tool.jpg|180px|right]] '''O2k-Window Tool''' for removing the blue [[O2k-Window Frame]] from the [[O2k-Main Unit]], for rare cleaning purposes and for front fixation of the [[Fluorescence-Control Unit]].)
OroboPOS + ([[Image:OroboPOS.JPG|right|180px]] The ''' … [[Image:OroboPOS.JPG|right|180px]]The '''OroboPOS''' is a polarographic oxygen sensor (POS), with an amperometric mode of operation. The OroboPOS meets the highest quality criteria in terms of linearity, stability and sensitivity of the signal. The Clark type polarographic oxygen sensor (POS) remains the gold standard for measuring dissolved oxygen in biomedical, environmental and industrial applications over a wide dynamic oxygen range.It consists of a gold cathode, a silver/silverchloride anode and a KCl electrolyte reservoir separated from the sample by a 25 µm membrane (FEP). The main body of the OroboPOS is made of PEEK. With application of a polarization voltage (0.8 V), a current is obtained as an amperometric signal, which is converted to a voltage.c signal, which is converted to a voltage.)
Oxia + ([[Image:Oxia.png|180px|right]]'''Oxia - Hy … [[Image:Oxia.png|180px|right]]'''Oxia - HyperOxia to HypOxia''': The Oxia generates gaseous [[oxygen]] and [[hydrogen]] by electrolysis of water using a proton exchange membrane (PEM). O2 and H2 gas can be used to control the O2 regime in the Oroboros O2k ([[Setting_the_oxygen_concentration]]) using the [[Syringe\10 mL\Gas-Injection |10 mL Gas-Injection Syringes]]. Low oxygen concentrations (<50 µM) are used to mimic tissue [[normoxia]] or [[hypoxia]]. Hyperoxic conditions above air saturation (250-600 µM O2) are routinely used for high-resolution respirometry of [[permeabilized muscle fibers]] or to induce oxidative stress in cells and [[mitochondrial preparations]].mitochondrial preparations]].)
P/E control ratio + ([[Image:P over E.jpg|50 px|OXPHOS-control … [[Image:P over E.jpg|50 px|OXPHOS-control ratio]] The '''''P/E'' control ratio''' ([[OXPHOS]]/[[Electron transfer pathway|ET pathway]]; phosphorylation system control ratio) is an expression of the limitation of OXPHOS capacity by the [[phosphorylation system]]. The relative limitation of OXPHOS capacity by the capacity of the phosphorylation system is better expressed by the [[E-P control efficiency |''E-P'' control efficiency]], ''jE-P'' = 1-''P/E''. The ''P/E'' control ratio increases with increasing capacity of the phosphorylation system up to a maximum of 1.0 when it matches or is in excess of ET capacity. ''P/E'' also increases with uncoupling. ''P/E'' increases from the lower boundary set by ''[[L/E]]'' (zero capacity of the phosphorylation system), to the upper limit of 1.0, when there is no limitation of ''P'' by the phosphorylation system or the proton backpressure (capacity of the phosphorylation system fully matches the [[ET capacity]]; or if the system is fully [[uncoupled]]). It is important to separate the kinetic effect of ADP limitation from limitation by enzymatic capacity at saturating ADP concentration.» [[#P.2FE_from_mouse_to_man |'''MiPNet article''']][#P.2FE_from_mouse_to_man |'''MiPNet article''']])
P-L net OXPHOS capacity + ([[Image:P-L.jpg|50 px|P-L net OXPHOS capac … [[Image:P-L.jpg|50 px|P-L net OXPHOS capacity|''P-L'' net OXPHOS capacity]] The '''''P-L'' net OXPHOS capacity''' is the [[OXPHOS capacity]] corrected for [[LEAK respiration]]. ''P-L'' is the scope for ADP stimulation, the respiratory capacity potentially available for phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Oxygen consumption in the OXPHOS state, therefore, is partitioned into ''P-L'', strictly coupled to phosphorylation ''P»'', and nonphosphorylating LEAK respiration, ''LP'', compensating for proton leaks, slip and cation cycling: ''P'' = ''P-L''+''LP''. It is frequently assumed that [[LEAK respiration]] ''L'' as measured in the LEAK state, overestimates the LEAK component of respiration, ''LP'', as measured in the OXPHOS state, particularly if the protonmotive force is not adjusted to equivalent levels in ''L'' and ''LP''. However, if the LEAK component increases with enzyme turnover during ''P'', the low enzyme turnover during ''L'' may counteract the effect of the higher ''pmF''.P'', the low enzyme turnover during ''L'' may counteract the effect of the higher ''pmF''.)
PB-Module + ([[Image:PB-Module.jpg|right|180px]] The '' … [[Image:PB-Module.jpg|right|180px]] The '''PB-Module''' has been developed for conducting measurements of [[PhotoBiology]], including [[photosynthesis]]. It consists of the [[PB-Sensor|PB Light Source]] and electronic components which are an integral part of the [[NextGen-O2k]]. Measurements are recorded and evaluated with the DatLab 8 software. and evaluated with the DatLab 8 software.)
PB Light Source + ([[Image:PB-Sensor.png|right|180px]] The '' … [[Image:PB-Sensor.png|right|180px]] The '''PhotoBiology Light Source (PBLS)''' has been designed as a part of the [[PB-Module]] to provide with an external source of light. This enables experiments for evaluating the production of O2 in the presence of light. The PBLS consists of one LED and one photodiode mounted on the PBLS head protected by a PMMA plastic cover. Three pairs of PBLS (white, blue, and red) are provided with the PB-Module. The light intensity can be regulated from 0 to 2750 µmol·s-1·m-2 (red PBLS), from 0 to 3000 µmol·s-1·m-2 (blue PBLS), from 0 to 3500 µmol·s-1·m-2 (white PBLS). An integrated photodiode provides real-time measurement of the light intensity allowing for continuous adjustment to the desired value.ated photodiode provides real-time measurement of the light intensity allowing for continuous adjustment to the desired value.)
PBI-Shredder O2k-Set + ([[Image:PBI-Shredder HRR-Set.JPG|180px|right]]'''PBI-Shredder O2k-Set''': Auxiliary O2k-Tool for [[tissue homogenate]] preparation)
PBI-Shredder SG3 + ([[Image:PBI-Shredder SG3.jpg|180px|right]] … [[Image:PBI-Shredder SG3.jpg|180px|right]] '''PBI-Shredder SG3''' for tissue homogenate preparation, heavy duty high torque SG3 driver with convertible handle, SG3 base with 3 position force setting lever (FSL), battery charger and two lithium ion batteries. The PBI-Shredder SG3 is included in the [[PBI-Shredder O2k-Set]]. Select 230 V or 120 V.Oroboros Instruments: world-wide distributor.boros Instruments: world-wide distributor.)
PH-Glass electrode + ([[Image:PH-Glass Electrode.JPG|180px|right]]'''pH-Glass electrode''' with BNC plug.)
POS-Electrolyte Powder + ([[Image:POS Electrolyte powder.jpg|right|180px]]'''[[OroboPOS|POS]]-Electrolyte Powder''', KCl. The powder is dissolved in 10 ml distilled water to yield a 1 M KCl solution.)
OroboPOS-Connector + ([[Image:POS connector and cable connection.jpg|right|180px]]'''OroboPOS-Connector''' (blue POM), with male connection to [[OroboPOS]] head (POS) and with cable and male plug fitting into [[O2k-Main Unit]].)
POS-Membranes + ([[Image:POS membranes.jpg|right|180px]]'''[[OroboPOS|POS]]-Membranes''', FEP 25 µm; 40/Pck.)
POS-Mounting Tool + ([[Image:POS mounting tool for membrane app … [[Image:POS mounting tool for membrane application_02.JPG|right|180px]]'''[[OroboPOS|POS]]-Mounting Tool''' for application of [[POS-Membranes]]. It consists of two parts, (i) the membrane guide (larger diameter) and (ii) the membrane ring holder with [[O-ring\Viton\6x1 mm]] for holding the [[POS-Membrane Ring]] during membrane application. Since the O2k-Series G-0075 membrane ring holder have a 2 mm extended ridge for a better grip.e a 2 mm extended ridge for a better grip.)
Polishing Cloth + ([[Image:POS polishing cloth for cathode cleaning.jpg|right|180px]]'''Polishing Cloth''' for cathode cleaning. Replace the Polishing Cloth at intervals. A two-year interval may be considered in cases of intensive use.)
Polishing Powder + ([[Image:POS polishing powder for cathode cleaning.jpg|right|180px]]'''Polishing Powder 0.3 µm''' and '''Polishing Powder 0.05 µm''' for cathode cleaning of OroboPOS and Q-sensors.)
POS-Seal Tip + ([[Image:POS seal tip.jpg|right|180px]]'''P … [[Image:POS seal tip.jpg|right|180px]]'''POS-Seal Tip''', black butyl rubber gasket with 3 mm pore. 4/Pck, for sealing the [[OroboPOS|POS]] (sensor head) against the [[O2k-chamber |O2k-Chamber]]. Push the wetted POS-Seal Tip over the POS-sensor head, with the pore positioned centrally, not covering any peripheral area of the gold cathode. Do not stretch the gasket across the POS-sensor head.tch the gasket across the POS-sensor head.)
Packing\O2k-Box 1 + ([[Image:Packing O2k-Box1.JPG|right|180px]]'''Packing\O2k-Box 1''': for shipment of the [[O2k-Main Unit]], with polystyrene inlets. Keep the original packing material safely stored, for any future shipping purposes of the O2k-Main Unit.)
Packing\O2k-Box 2 + ([[Image:Packing O2k-Box2.JPG|right|180px]]'''Packing\O2k-Box 2''', for shipment of accessories.)
Packing\Peli Case + ([[Image:Packing Peli Case.jpg|right|180px] … [[Image:Packing Peli Case.jpg|right|180px]]'''Packing\Peli Case''': Watertight, crushproof, and dust proof case for safe transportation of the O2k: Retractable extension handle, Strong polyurethane wheels with stainless steel bearings, Easy open Double Throw latches, Open cell core with solid wall design - strong, light weight, O-ring seal, Automatic Pressure Equalization Valve, Fold down handles, Stainless steel hardware and padlock protectors, 4 level Pick N Pluck™ with convoluted lid foam, Special foam inlets for O2k. Interior Dimensions: 21.48" x 16.42" x 12.54" (54.5 x 41.7 x 31.8 cm) x 16.42" x 12.54" (54.5 x 41.7 x 31.8 cm))
Pen-Contact Oil + ([[Image:Pen contact oil.jpg|right|180px]] … [[Image:Pen contact oil.jpg|right|180px]] '''Pen-Contact Oil''', for stable low contact resistance between the [[OroboPOS]] head and the [[OroboPOS-Connector]]. '''Discontinued''' - The Pen-Contact Oil is not part of our product range anymore as it is not absolutely required for ensuring the functioning of the OroboPOS-Connector and the OroboPOS. The Oroboros experts do not use it anymore.he Oroboros experts do not use it anymore.)
Plunger\10 mm3 + ([[Image:Plunger 10 mm3.JPG|right|180px]]'''Plunger\10 mm3''' for [[Microsyringe\10 mm3 51/0.13 mm]], spare.)
Plunger\25 mm3 + ([[Image:Plunger 25 mm3.JPG|right|180px]] '''Plunger\25 mm3''' for [[Microsyringe\25 mm3 51/0.15 mm]], spare. '''Discontinued''')
Plunger\50 mm3 + ([[Image:Plunger 50 mm3.JPG|right|180px]]'''Plunger\50 mm3''' for [[Microsyringe\50 mm3 51/0.15 mm]], spare. '''Discontinued ''')
POS-Holder + ([[Image:Pos_holder.JPG|right|180px]]The '' … [[Image:Pos_holder.JPG|right|180px]]The '''POS-Holder''', made from blue POM, is screwed into the copper block of the [[O2k-Main Unit]], guiding theguiding the [[OroboPOS|POS]] to the 2-mL [[O2k-chamber]], and keeping the SmartPOS/OroboPOS-Connector in a fixed position for sealing the O2k-chamber with the [[POS-Seal Tip]]. In addition, the POS-Holder fixes the O2k-Chamber in an accurate rotational position by pressing against the angular cut of the glass chamber.Two units of this item are standard components mounted on the [[O2k-Main Unit]].[[O2k-Main Unit]].)
Power O2k-FluoRespirometer + ([[Image:Power_O2k-FluoRespirometer.jpg|200 … [[Image:Power_O2k-FluoRespirometer.jpg|200px|right|Power O2k-FluoRespirometer]] '''Power O2k-FluoRespirometer''' - optional configuration as additional system for increasing output combined with the [[O2k-FluoRespirometer]] (O2k-Series H). The Power O2k-FluoRespirometer includes the [[TIP2k-Module |TIP2k]] and the [[O2k-sV-Module]], and supports all add-on O2k-Modules of the [[Oroboros O2k]]. It can be added to an existing [[Oroboros O2k]] of any O2k-Series. This application does not require an additional [[ISS-Integrated Suction System]] and [[O2k-Titration Set]]. Furthermore, the [[OroboPOS-Mounting Tool]] of the OroboPOS Service Tools can be used from the available O2k and is not included.rom the available O2k and is not included.)
Power O2k-Respirometer + ([[Image:Power_O2k_notext.png|200px|right]] The '''Power O2k-Respirometer''' is an economical option for using additional O2k-Units to increase output in [[High-Resolution Respirometry|high-resolution respirometry]].)
Q-Sensor + ([[Image:Q stopper.jpg|right|180px]]The ''' … [[Image:Q stopper.jpg|right|180px]]The '''Q-Sensor''' has been designed as a part of the [[Q-Module]] for measurements with [[cyclic voltammetry]] and voltammetry, allowing for analysis of the [[Q redox state]]. The Q-Stopper with the reference electrode is called Q-Sensor, which is plugged in the NextGen-O2k. A [[three-electrode system]] is used to detect the [[Q redox state]]. Two of the three electrodes (glassy carbon and platinum electrode) are built into the Q-Stopper, while the reference electrode is removable ([[Reference-Electrode\2.4 mm]]).[[Reference-Electrode\2.4 mm]]).)
Q-Module + ([[Image:Q-box 002.jpg|right|180px]]The ''' … [[Image:Q-box 002.jpg|right|180px]]The '''Q-Module''', developed for measuring the [[Q redox state]] and [[cyclic voltammetry]], is supported by the [[NextGen-O2k]] and consists of the [[Q-Sensor]], integrated electronic components in the O2k, and the [[DatLab]] software.[[DatLab]] software.)
R/E control ratio + ([[Image:R over E.jpg|50 px|''R/E'' control … [[Image:R over E.jpg|50 px|''R/E'' control ratio]] The '''''R/E'' control ratio''' is the ratio of (partially coupled) [[ROUTINE respiration]] ''R'' and (noncoupled) [[ET capacity]] ''E''. The ''R/E'' control ratio is an expression of how close ROUTINE respiration operates to ET capacity.UTINE respiration operates to ET capacity.)
R-L net ROUTINE capacity + ([[Image:R-L.jpg|50 px|R-L net ROUTINE capa … [[Image:R-L.jpg|50 px|R-L net ROUTINE capacity]] The '''''R-L'' net ROUTINE capacity''' is [[ROUTINE respiration]] corrected for [[LEAK respiration]]. ''R-L'' is the respiratory capacity available for phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Oxygen consumption in the ROUTINE state of respiration measured in living cells, therefore, is partitioned into the ''R-L'' net ROUTINE capacity, strictly coupled to phosphorylation ''P»'', and nonphosphorylating LEAK respiration, ''LR'', compensating for proton leaks, slip and cation cycling: ''R'' = ''R-L''+''LR''. It is frequently assumed that [[LEAK respiration]] ''L'', as measured in the LEAK state, overestimates the LEAK component of respiration, ''LR'', as measured in the ROUTINE state, particularly if the protonmotive force is not adjusted to equivalent levels in ''L'' and ''LR''. However, if the LEAK component increases with enzyme turnover during ''R'', the low enzyme turnover during ''L'' may counteract the effect of the higher ''pmF''.R'', the low enzyme turnover during ''L'' may counteract the effect of the higher ''pmF''.)
RS232-Cable + ([[Image:RS232-Cable.JPG|180px|right]]'''RS … [[Image:RS232-Cable.JPG|180px|right]]'''RS232 0-modem-Cable''' for connecting the [[O2k-Main Unit]] to the PC or laptop with [[DatLab]] installed. When using DatLab 5, this cable is replaced by [[USB-Cable 2.0\Type A-B]] for O2k-Series E upwards.''' Discontinued'''O2k-Series E upwards. ''' Discontinued''')
Reference-Electrode\2.4 mm + ([[Image:Reference Electrode 2.4 mm.jpg|right|180px]]'''Reference-Electrode\2.4 mm''': 2.4 mm diameter glass shaft, for [[ISE]].)
Replacement-Barrel + ([[Image:Replacement-Barrel.jpg|right|180px]]'''Replacement-Barrel''' for [[Reference-Electrode\2.4 mm]], 2.4 mm diameter glass.)
Convergent electron flow + ([[Image:SUIT-catg_FNSGp.jpg|right|300px|Co … [[Image:SUIT-catg_FNSGp.jpg|right|300px|Convergent electron flow]]'''Convergent electron flow''' is built into the metabolic design of the [[Electron transfer pathway]]. The glycolytic pathways are characterized by important ''divergent branchpoints'': phosphoenolpyruvate (PEPCK) branchpoint to pyruvate or oxaloactetate; pyruvate branchpoint to (aerobic) acetyl-CoA or (anaerobic) lactate or alanine. The mitochondrial Electron transfer pathway, in contrast, is characterized by ''convergent junctions'': (1) the [[N-junction]] and [[F-junction]] in the [[mitochondrial matrix]] at ET-pathway level 4, with dehydrogenases (including the TCA cycle) and ß-oxidation generating NADH and FADH2 as substrates for [[Complex I]] and [[electron-transferring flavoprotein complex]], respectively, and (2) the [[Q-junction]] with inner mt-membrane respiratory complexes at ET-pathway level 3, reducing the oxidized ubiquinone and partially reduced semiquinone to the fully reduced ubiquinol, feeding electrons into [[Complex III]].[Complex III]].)
FNSGp + ([[Image:SUIT-catg_FNSGp.jpg|right|400px|Co … [[Image:SUIT-catg_FNSGp.jpg|right|400px|Convergent electron flow]]'''MitoPathway control state:''' FNSGp :[[Octanoylcarnitine]] or [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] &/or [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]] & [[Glycerophosphate]].'''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-002]]This substrate combination supports convergent electron flow to the [[Q-junction]].[[Q-junction]].)
NSGp + ([[Image:SUIT-catg_FNSGp.jpg|right|400px|Co … [[Image:SUIT-catg_FNSGp.jpg|right|400px|Convergent electron flow]]'''MitoPathway control state:''' NSGp :[[Pyruvate]] &/or [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]] & [[Glycerophosphate]].'''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-038]]This substrate combination supports convergent electron flow to the [[Q-junction]].[[Q-junction]].)
Scissors\stainless steel\straight Tip\sharp + ([[Image:Scissors stainless steel straight Tip sharp.jpg|right|180px]]'''Scissors\stainless steel\straight Tip\sharp'''.)
Shredder-Tubes + ([[Image:Shredder-Tube Analyt Biochem.jpg|1 … [[Image:Shredder-Tube Analyt Biochem.jpg|180px|right]]'''Shredder-Tubes''': consisting of Shredder Tube FT500-PS with Lysis Disk, serrated [[Shredder-Tube_Ram_Tool | Shredder-Tube Ram Tool]] and [[Shredder-Tube_Cap_Tool | Shredder-Tube Cap Tool]], coral colour (Box of 100) and Shredder Tube FT500-PMS with Lysis Disk, serrated [[Shredder-Tube_Ram_Tool | Shredder-Tube Ram Tool]] and [[Shredder-Tube_Cap_Tool | Shredder-Tube Cap Tool]], coral colour (Box of 100). There is no difference between the white and the coral shredder tubes, except that the white tubes are also approved for high pressure.tubes are also approved for high pressure.)
Shredder-Tube Cap Tool + ([[Image:Shredder-Tube Cap Tool.JPG|180px|right|link=http://www.bioblast.at/index.php/Shredder-Tube_Cap_Tool]] '''Shredder-Tube Cap Tool''': component of [[PBI-Shredder_O2k-Set | PBI-Shredder O2k-Set]], not available as a single item.)
Shredder-Tube Ram Tool + ([[Image:Shredder-Tube Ram Tool.JPG|right|180px]]'''Shredder-Tube Ram Tool''': component of [[PBI-Shredder_O2k-Set | PBI-Shredder O2k-Set]].)
Smart Fluo-Sensor Blue + ([[Image:SmartFluo.png|200px|right]]'''Smar … [[Image:SmartFluo.png|200px|right]]'''Smart Fluo-Sensor Blue''': Excitation LED 465 nm (dominant wavelenght) with short pass filter, emission (red) with long pass filter, individual sensors are calibrated with sensor-specific memory and direct input into DatLab 7 to obtain reproducible light intensities with different sensors, including photodiode, [[Filter-Cap]] equipped with [[Filter Set Saf]] for measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential with [[Safranin|safranin]] and [[Rhodamine 123|rhodamine 123]]. [[Filter Set MgG / CaG]] for [[Magnesium green]] and [[Calcium green]] measurements are included.[[Calcium green]] measurements are included.)
Smart Fluo-Sensor Green + ([[Image:SmartFluo.png|200px|right]]'''Smar … [[Image:SmartFluo.png|200px|right]]'''Smart Fluo-Sensor Green''': Excitation LED 525 nm (dominant wavelength) with short pass filter, emission (red) with long pass filter, individual sensors are calibrated with sensor-specific memory and direct input into DatLab 7 to obtain reproducible light intensities with different sensors, including photodiode, [[Filter-Cap]] equipped with [[Filter Set AmR]] for [[Amplex® UltraRed|Amplex UltraRed]] and [[TMRM]] measurements when delivered.[TMRM]] measurements when delivered.)
Startup O2k-Respirometer + ([[Image:Startup O2k-Respirometer notitle.p … [[Image:Startup O2k-Respirometer notitle.png|200px|right]]'''Startup O2k-Respirometer''' - the experimental system complete for basic [[high-resolution respirometry]] (HRR). The O2k-Respirometer includes the [[O2k-Main Unit]] with stainless steel housing, [[O2k-Assembly Kit]], two [[OroboPOS]] (polarographic oxygen sensors) and [[OroboPOS-Service Kit]], [[DatLab]] software, the [[ISS-Integrated Suction System]], the [[O2k-Titration Set]], and for performing high-resolution respirometry with reduced amounts of biological sample the [[O2k-sV-Module]]. The O2k is a sole source apparatus with no other instruments meeting its [[MiPNet06.05 Test Experiments on O2k-Specifications | specifications]].[[MiPNet06.05 Test Experiments on O2k-Specifications | specifications]].)
Stirrer-Bar\white PVDF\15x6 mm + ([[Image:Stirrer bar PVDF.jpg|right|180px]] … [[Image:Stirrer bar PVDF.jpg|right|180px]]'''Stirrer-Bar\white [[PVDF]]\15x6 mm''', operated in the 2-mL [[O2k-chamber]] at constant stirring speed (standard is 750 rpm, or 12.5 Hz), to provide optimum mixing of the sample in the aqueous medium and ensure a stable signal of the polarographic oxygen sensor ([[OroboPOS]]) placed in a position of maximum current of the medium.position of maximum current of the medium.)
Stirrer-Bar\black PEEK\15x6 mm + ([[Image:Stirrer-Bar black PEEK15x6 mm.JPG|right|180px]]'''Stirrer-Bar\black [[PEEK]]\15x6 mm''', for 2-mL O2k-Chamber, for specific optical applications to minimize optical interference.)
Stopper\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central Port\peripheral 2.3 mm Port + ([[Image:Stopper black PEEK conical Shaft c … [[Image:Stopper black PEEK conical Shaft central Port peripheral 2.3 mm Port.JPG|right|180px]]'''Stopper\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central+peripheral 2.3 mm Port''': for potentiometric [[O2k-MultiSensor]] applications (NO, H2S, H2O2); 1 additional port (2.3 mm); central titration port; conical bottom; including [[Volume-Calibration Ring]] (A or B); 2 mounted O-rings, with 8 spare O-rings ([[O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm]]).[[O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm]]).)
Stopper\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central Port + ([[Image:Stopper black PEEK conical Shaft c … [[Image:Stopper black PEEK conical Shaft central Port.JPG|right|180px]]'''Stopper\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central Port''': with conical shaft (with PTFE, graphite, carbon fiber) and one central capillary (1.3 mm diameter; 50.6 mm length), [[Volume-Calibration Ring]] (A or B) for volume adjustment 1.5 to 3.2 ml; 2 mounted O-rings, with 8 spare O-rings ([[O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm]]). The black PEEK stoppers are required for optical O2k-MultiSensor Modules.uired for optical O2k-MultiSensor Modules.)
Stopper-Needle + ([[Image:Stopper-Needle.JPG|180px|right]]'''Stopper-Needle''': Short needle for bubble extrusion from port of the [[Stopper\white PVDF\angular Shaft\side+6.2+2.6 mm Port|ISE-stopper]].)
Stopper\white PVDF\angular Shaft\side+6.2+2.6 mm Port + ([[Image:Stopper_white_PVDF_angular_Shaft_s … [[Image:Stopper_white_PVDF_angular_Shaft_side+6.2+2.6_mm_Port.JPG|180px|right]]'''Stopper\white PVDF\angular Shaft\side+6.2+2.6 mm Port''', for application with [[ISE]]; side titration port and two additional holes (6.2 mm and 2.6 mm); angular bottom; including [[Volume-Calibration Ring]] (A or B); 2 mounted O-rings ([[O-ring\Viton\12x1 mm]]).'''Discontinued'''[[O-ring\Viton\12x1 mm]]). '''Discontinued''')
Syringe Collars + ([[Image:Syringe Collars.JPG|right|180px]]'''Syringe Collars''' (package of 20) for Hamilton microsyringes: for correctly storing the microsyringes in the [[Syringe Racks]].)
TIP2k Filter Papers + ([[Image:TIP2k Filter Papers.JPG|right|180px]]'''TIP2k Filter Papers''' (package of 10) to be used for the stoppers during TIP2k titration for Instrumental oxygen background correction to avoid constant manual siphoning off of extruded liquid.)
Titration-Injection microPump + ([[Image:Titration-Injection-microPump.jpg|180px|right]]'''Titration-Injection microPump''' (TIP2k) for two-channel operation with the O2k with automatic control by [[DatLab]] of programmable titration regimes and feedback control (oxystat, pH-stat).)
USB-Cable 2.0\Type A-B + ([[Image:USB-Cable2.0 Type A-B.JPG|180px|right]]'''USB-Cable 2.0\Type A-B''' for connecting the [[O2k-Main Unit]] (O2k-Series E upwards) to the USB port of a PC or laptop.)
Volume-Calibration Ring sV + ([[Image:Volume calibration ring A+B PVDF for Stopper.jpg|right|180px]]'''Volume-Calibration Ring sV''' (A or B), white PVDF, attached to [[Stopper sV\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central Port | PEEK O2k-Stopper sV]].)
Volume-Calibration Ring + ([[Image:Volume calibration ring A+B PVDF for Stopper.jpg|right|180px]]'''Volume-Calibration Ring''' (A or B) PVDF for O2k-Stoppers (2-mL [[O2k-chamber]]), white; attached to the [[Stopper\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central Port |stoppers]].)
E-R control efficiency + ([[Image:j(E-R).jpg|50 px|E-R control effic … [[Image:j(E-R).jpg|50 px|E-R control efficiency]] The '''''E-R'' control efficiency''', ''jE-R'' = (''E-R'')/''E'' = 1-''R/E'', is an expression of the relative scope of increasing [[ROUTINE respiration]] in living cells by uncoupler titrations to obtain [[ET capacity]]. ''jE-R'' = 0.0 for zero ''E-R'' reserve capacity when ''R''=''E''; ''jE-R'' = 1.0 for the maximum limit when ''R''=0. The [[ROUTINE]] state of living cells is stimulated to [[electron transfer pathway]] capacity by [[uncoupler]] titration, which yields the [[E-R reserve capacity |''E-R'' reserve capacity]]. Since ET capacity is significantly higher than [[OXPHOS capacity]] in various cell types (as shown by '''[[cell ergometry]]'''), ''jE-R'' is not a reserve capacity available for the cell to increase oxidative phosphorylation, but strictly a scope (reserve) for uncoupling respiration. Similarly, the apparent [[E-P excess ET capacity |''E-P'' excess ET capacity]] is not a respiratory reserve in the sense of oxidative phosphorylation.[[E-P excess ET capacity |''E-P'' excess ET capacity]] is not a respiratory reserve in the sense of oxidative phosphorylation.)
Submit to MitoFit Preprints + ([[MitoFit Preprints]] manuscript template and submission form.)
Deselect channels + ([[O2k signals and output|Channels]] can be selected/deselected in [[DatLab]] in the [[O2k configuration]]. Deselect all O2k-MultiSensor channels in O2k-Core applications. Select only the specifically used channels in O2k-MultiSensor applications.)
O2k-Open Support agreement + ([[O2k-Open Support]] aims at providing expert help quickly. Please, help us sharing our support communication openly with the scientific community.)
SI base units + ([[Template:Keywords: SI base units]] [[File:SI-units.png|left|80px|link=https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf]] [[File:Expand.png|right|45px |Click to expand or collaps]]<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">::: '''Bioblast links: SI base units''' - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>><div class="mw-collapsible-content">:::: '''Entity, count, and number, and SI base quantities''' / '''SI base units'''[[File:SI-units.png|right|200px|link=https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf]]:::: {| class="wikitable"|-! Quantity name !! Symbol !! Unit name !! Symbol !! Comment|-| [[entity |elementary]] || ''U''''X'' || [[elementary unit]] || [x] || ''U''''X'', ''U''B; [x] not in SI|-| [[count]] || ''N''''X'' || [[elementary unit]] || [x] || ''N''''X'', ''N''B; [x] not in SI|-| [[number]] || ''N'' || - || dimensionless || = ''N''''X''·''U''''X''-1 |-| [[amount of substance]] || ''n''B || [[mole]] || [mol] || ''n''''X'', ''n''B|-| [[electric current]] || ''I'' || [[ampere]] || [A] || A = C·s-1|-| [[time]] || ''t'' || [[second]] || [s] || |-| [[length]] || ''l'' || [[meter]] || [m] || SI: metre|-| [[body mass |mass]] || ''m'' || [[kilogram]] || [kg] |||-| [[thermodynamic temperature]] || ''T'' || [[kelvin]] || [K] || |-| [[luminous intensity]] || ''I''V || [[candela]] || [cd] || |}:::: '''Fundamental relationships'''::::::» [[Avogadro constant]] ''N''A::::::» [[Boltzmann constant]] ''k''::::::» [[elementary charge]] ''e''::::::» [[Faraday constant]] ''F''::::::» [[gas constant]] ''R''::::::» [[electrochemical constant]] ''f'':::: '''SI and related concepts'''::::::» [[International System of Units]]::::::» [[elementary unit]] x::::::» [[SI prefixes]]::::::» [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC]]::::::» [[entity]]::::::» [[quantity]]::::::» [[dimension]]::::::» [[format]]::::::» [[motive unit]]::::::» [[iconic symbols]]</div></div> [[Category:Keywords]]s]])
Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU) + (it is a function of DatLab (available from version 7.4 onwards) that enables the export of user specific protocols (DL-Protocol User) to the SUIT protocol folder from which they can be uploaded for subsequent measurements.)
Signal line + (see [[O2k signal line]])
Status line + (see [[O2k status line]])
Graph layout - DatLab + (» ''See'' '''[[Layout for DatLab graphs]]'''.)
Mark information + (» See [[Marks - DatLab]])
Channel + (» See [[O2k signals and output]])
E + (» [[Energy]], [[Exergy]] ''E'' » [[elementary charge]] ''e'' = 1.602 176 634∙10-19 C∙x-1 » [[Euler's number]] ''e'' ~ 2.718 281 828 459 » [[ET capacity]] ''E'')