Semantic search
From Bioblast
| Term | Abbreviation | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Journal publication | In most cases journal publication {Quote} will not be affected by posting a preprint. However, there are some publishers that do not consider papers that have already appeared online. We strongly recommend that you check all journals that you might submit to in advance {end of Quote}. A list of academic journals by preprint policy is available. | |
| Journal volume | The volume of a journal or periodical is a number, which in many cases indicates the sequential number of years the journal has been published. Alternatively, the volume number may indicate the current year, independent of the year in which the journal published its first volume. A volume may be subdivided into issues. | |
| Kelvin | K | The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380 649 Γ 10β23 when expressed in the unit J x-1 Kβ1. |
| Keyboard shortcuts - DatLab | DatLab provides several keyboard shortcuts to allow for quick access to many functions and settings without using a mouse. | |
| Keywords-MitoPedia in BEC | KeywordsβMitoPedia is the concept to link keywords in articles published in Bioenergetics Communications (BEC) to MitoPedia terms. Authors should consider the message in the selected keywords. Provide consistent definitions of your keywords by linking them to MitoPedia. Extend MitoPedia entries critically by your contributions. The BEC editorial team will hyperlink your keywords with MitoPedia, and a reference to your BEC publication will be generated automatically from the MitoPedia term to your publication. With your contributions, BEC elevates keywords to terms with meaning. Your article gains visibility. | |
| Kilogram | kg | The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 15 Γ 10β34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 sβ1, where the meter and the second are defined in terms of c and ΞΞ½Cs. |
| Korean Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine | KSMRM | The Korean Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine (KSMRM) is a member of ASMRM. |
| Kynurenine hydroxylase | Kynurenine hydroxylase (kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Kynurenine hydroxylase catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-kynurenine + NADPH + H+ + O2 β 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP+ + H2O Kynurenine hydroxylase belongs to the family of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism. It employs one cofactor, FAD. | |
| L/E coupling-control ratio | L/E |  The L/E coupling-control ratio is the flux ratio of LEAK respiration over ET capacity, as determined by measurement of oxygen consumption in L and E sequentially. The L/E coupling-control ratio is an index of uncoupling or dyscoupling at constant ET-capacity. L/E increases with uncoupling from a theoretical minimum of 0.0 for a fully coupled system, to 1.0 for a fully uncoupled system. |
| L/P coupling-control ratio | L/P |  The L/P coupling-control ratio or LEAK/OXPHOS coupling-control ratio combines the effects of coupling (L/E) and limitation by the phosphorylation system (P/E); L/P = (L/E) / (P/E) = 1/RCR. |
| L/R coupling-control ratio | L/R |  The L/R coupling-control ratio or LEAK/ROUTINE coupling-control ratio combines the effects of coupling (L/E), physiological control of energy demand, and limitation by the OXPHOS capacity. |
| LEAK respiration | L |  EAK respiration or LEAK oxygen flux L compensating for proton leak, proton slip, cation cycling and electron leak, is a dissipative component of respiration which is not available for performing biochemical work and thus related to heat production. LEAK respiration is measured in the LEAK state, in the presence of reducing substrate(s), but absence of ADP - abbreviated as L(n) (theoretically, absence of inorganic phosphate presents an alternative), or after enzymatic inhibition of the phosphorylation system, which can be reached with the use of oligomycin - abbreviated as L(Omy). The LEAK state is the non-phosphorylating resting state of intrinsic uncoupled or dyscoupled respiration when oxygen flux is maintained mainly to compensate for the proton leak at a high chemiosmotic potential, when ATP synthase is not active. In this non-phosphorylating resting state, the electrochemical proton gradient is increased to a maximum, exerting feedback control by depressing oxygen flux to a level determined mainly by the proton leak and the H+/O2 ratio. In this state of maximum protonmotive force, LEAK respiration, L, is higher than the LEAK component of OXPHOS capacity, P. The conditions for measurement and expression of respiration vary (oxygen flux in the LEAK state, JO2L, or oxygen flow, IO2L). If these conditions are defined and remain consistent within a given context, then the simple symbol L for respiratory rate can be used as a substitute for the more explicit expression for respiratory activity.
Β» MiPNet article |
| LEAK state with ATP | L(T) |  The LEAK state with ATP is obtained in mt-preparations without ATPase activity after ADP is maximally phosphorylated to ATP (State 4; Chance and Williams 1955) or after addition of high ATP in the absence of ADP (Gnaiger et al 2000). Respiration in the LEAK state with ATP, L(T), is distinguished from L(n) and L(Omy). |
| LEAK state with oligomycin | L(Omy) | The LEAK state with oligomycin is a LEAK state induced by inhibition of ATP synthase by oligomycin. ADP and ATP may or may not be present. LEAK respiration with oligomycin, L(Omy), is distinguished from L(n) and L(T). |
| LEAK state without adenylates | L(n) | In the LEAK state without adenylates mitochondrial LEAK respiration, L(n) (n for no adenylates), is measured after addition of substrates, which decreases slowly to the LEAK state after oxidation of endogenous substrates with no adenylates. L(n) is distinguished from L(T) and L(Omy). |
| Laboratory titration sheet | Laboratory titration sheet contains the sequential titrations in a specific Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocol. The laboratory titration sheets for different SUIT protocols are incorporated in DatLab (DL7.1): Protocols in DatLab | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase | LDH | Lactate dehydrogenase is a glycolytic marker enzyme in the cytosol, regenerating NAD+ from NADH and pyruvate, forming lactate. |
| Laner 2013 Mitochondr Physiol Network MiP2013 | ||
| Latent mitochondrial dysfunction | The concept on latent mitochondrial dysfunction presents the working hypothesis that the dynamic mitochondrial stress response provides a more sensitive and integrative marker for degenerative disease-related defects compared to acute mitochondrial dysfunction. The risk for developing a disease may be quantified in terms of a stress response, rather than a static pathophysiological state. Acute and latent mitochondrial dysfunction are studied at baseline and in response to a particular (e.g. oxidative) stress, using a mitochondrial stress resistance test. | |
| Layout for DatLab graphs | A Layout in DatLab selected in the Layout menu yields a standardized display of graphs and plots displayed with specific scalings. The graph layout defines initial settings, which can be modified for plots [Ctrl+F6] and scaling [F6]. A modified layout can be saved as user layout without changing the standard layouts. | |
| Least squares method | This method makes use of all of the data points of the spectrum in order to quantify a measured spectrum with a reference spectrum of known concentration using a least squares method to match the measured spectrum with the reference spectrum. The technique results in improved accuracy compared with the use of only a few characteristic wavelengths. | |
| Length | l [m] | Length l is an SI base quantity with SI base unit meter m. Quantities derived from length are area A [m2] and volume V [m3]. Length is an extensive quantity, increasing additively with the number of objects. The term 'height' h is used for length in cases of vertical position (see height of humans). Length of height per object, LUX [mΒ·x-1] is length per unit-entity UX, in contrast to lentgth of a system, which may contain one or many entities, such as the length of a pipeline assembled from a number NX of individual pipes. Length is a quantity linked to direct sensory, practical experience, as reflected in terms related to length: long/short (height: tall/small). Terms such as 'long/short distance' are then used by analogy in the context of the more abstract quantity time (long/short duration). |
| Level flow | E |  Level flow is a steady state of a system with an input process coupled to an output process (coupled system), in which the output force is zero. Clearly, energy must be expended to maintain level flow, even though output is zero (Caplan and Essig 1983; referring to zero output force, while output flow may be maximum). |
| Light source | A variety of light sources are available for fluorometry and spectrophotometry. These include deuterium, mercury and xenon arc lamps and quartz halogen bulbs dependent upon the wavelengths required. However, the advent of light emitting diodes has greatly increased the possibilities for the application of fluorometry and spectrophotometry to areas that were previously not practicable, and at a much reduced cost. | |
| Light-emitting diode | LED | A light-emitting diode (LED) is a light source (semiconductor), used in many every-day applications and specifically in fluorometry. LEDs are available for specific spectral ranges across wavelengths in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range. |
| Light-enhanced dark respiration | LEDR | Light-enhanced dark respiration LEDR is a sharp (negative) maximum of dark respiration in plants in response to illumination, measured immediately after switching off the light. LEDR is supported by respiratory substrates produced during photosynthesis and closely reflects light-enhanced photorespiration (Xue et al 1996). Based on this assumption, the total photosynthetic oxygen flux TP is calculated as the sum of the measured net photosynthetic oxygen flux NP plus the absolute value of LEDR. |
| Lightguides | Lightguides consist of optical fibres (either single or in bundles) that can be used to transmit light to a sample from a remote light source and similarly receive light from a sample and transmit it to a remote detector. They have greatly contributed to the range of applications that for which optical methods can be applied. This is particularly true in the fields of medicine and biology. | |
| Limiting oxygen pressure | pl | The limiting oxygen pressure, pl, is defined as the partial oxygen pressure, pO2, below which anaerobic catabolism is activated to contribute to total ATP generation. The limiting oxygen pressure, pl, may be substantially lower than the critical oxygen pressure, pc, below which aerobic catabolism (respiration or oxygen consumption) declines significantly. |
| Limiting pO2 | plim | In the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, there is a limiting pO2, plim, below which anaerobic energy flux is switched on and CR ratios become more exothermic than the oxycaloric equivalent. plim may be significanlty below the critical pO2. |
| Linear phenomenological laws | Linear phenomenological laws are at the core of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes TIP, considered to apply near equilibrium but more generally in transport processes (e.g. Fick's law). In TIP, linearity is discussed as the dependence of generalized flows I or fluxes J on generalized forces, J = -LΒ·F, where L is expected to be constant (as a prerequisite for linearity) and must not be a function of the force F (affinity) for Onsager reciprocity to apply. This paradigm is challenged by the ergodynamic concept of fundamentally non-linear isomorphic flux-force relations and is replaced by the generalized isomorphic flux-pressure relations. Flows I [MUΒ·s-1] and forces F [JΒ·MU-1] are conjugated pairs, the product of which yields power, IΒ·F = P [JΒ·s-1 = W]. Flux J is system-size specific flow, such that volume-specific flux times force yields volume-specific power, PV = JΒ·F [WΒ·m-3]. Then vectoral and vectorial transport processes are inherently non-linear flux-force relationships, with L = uΒ·c in continuous transport processes along a gradient (c is the local concentration), or L = uΒ·Ξ± (Ξ± is the free activity in a discontinuous transport process across a semipermeable membrane) β formally not different from (isomorphic to) scalar chemical reactions. | |
| Linearity | Linearity is the ability of the method to produce test results that are proportional, either directly or by a well-defined mathematical transformation, to the concentration of the analyte in samples within a given range. This property is inherent in the Beer-Lambert law for absorbance alone, but deviations occur in scattering media. It is also a property of fluorescence, but a fluorophore may not exhibit linearity, particularly over a large range of concentrations. | |
| Liver mitochondria purification | Armstrong 2010 J Comp Physiol B: This paper describes a method for purification of rodent liver mitochdondria using relatively low-speed centrifugation through discontinuous Percoll gradients. | |
| Living Communications | LC | With Living Communications, Bioenergetics Communications (BEC) takes the next step from pre-print to re-print. The concept of Living Communications pursues a novel culture of scientific communication, addressing the conflict between long-term elaboration and validation of results versus sharing without delay improved methods and preliminary findings. Following the preprint concept, updates may be posted on the BEC website of the resource publication. Updated versions of Living Communications are submitted for Open Peer Review with full traceability. In contrast to static papers, evolution of Living Communications is more resourceful and efficient than a βnewβ publication. Living Communications provide a pathway along the scientific culture of lively debate towards tested and trusted milestones of research, from pre-print to re-print, from initial steps to next steps. |
| Living cells | ce | Cell viability in living cells should be >95 % for various experimental investigations, including cell respirometry. Viable cells (vce) are characterized by an intact plasma membrane barrier function. The total cell count (Nce) is the sum of viable cells (Nvce) and dead cells (Ndce). In contrast, the plasma membrane can be permeabilized selectively by mild detergents (digitonin), to obtain the mt-preparation of permeabilized cells used for cell ergometry. Living cells are frequently labelled as intact cells in the sense of the total cell count, but intact may suggest dual meanings of viable or unaffected by a disease or mitochondrial injury. |
| Loe 2013 PLOS ONE | ||
| Lower O2 limit - DatLab | A Lower O2 limit [Β΅M] can be defined for each O2k-chamber, to trigger an automatic warning when the experimental O2 concentration drops below this limit. It reminds the user that re-oxygenation of the O2k-chamber may be required. For the lower O2 concentration limit, the critical oxygen concentration should be considered, which differs between isolated mitochondria, large cells, and permeabilized muscle fibers. A higher limit should be chosen when high oxygen flux is expected, e.g. prior to uncoupler titration. A lower limit is acceptable prior to inhibition of respiration causing low oxygen flux. | |
| Luminescence | Luminescence is spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment (IUPC definition). An alternative definition is "Luminescence is emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat." Luminescence comprises many different pehnomena. Luminescence from direct photoexcitation of the emitting species is called photoluminescence. Both fluorescence and phosphorescence are forms of photoluminescence. In biomedical research also forms of chemiluminescence (e.g.the luciferin reaction) are used. In chemiluminescence the emission of radiation results from a chemical reaction. For other forms of luminescence see the IUPAC Gold Book. | |
| MITOEAGLE in MitoGlobal | MitoEAGLE |  The objective of the MitoEAGLE network is to improve our knowledge on mitochondrial function in health and disease related to Evolution, Age, Gender, Lifestyle and Environment. |
| Magnesium Green | MgG | Magnesium Green (MgG) is an extrinsic fluorophore that fluoresces when bound to Mg2+ and is used for measuring mitochondrial ATP production by mitochondrial preparations. Determination of mitochondrial ATP production is based on the different dissociation constants of Mg2+ for ADP and ATP, and the exchange of one ATP for one ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane by the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT). Using the dissociation constants for ADP-Mg2+ and ATP-Mg2+ and initial concentrations of ADP, ATP and Mg2+, the change in ATP concentration in the medium is calculated, which reflects mitochondrial ATP production. |
| Malate | M |  Malic acid, C4H6O5, occurs under physiological conditions as the anion malate2-, M, with pKa1 = 3.40 and pKa2 = 5.20. L-Malate is formed from fumarate in the TCA cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, where it is the substrate of malate dehydrogenase oxidized to oxaloacetate. Malate is also formed in the cytosol. It cannot permeate through the lipid bilayer of membranes and hence requires a carrier (dicarboxylate carrier, tricarboxylate carrier and 2-oxoglutarate carrier). Malate alone cannot support respiration of mt-preparations from most tissues, since oxaloacetate accumulates in the absence of pyruvate or glutamate. Malate is a type N substrate (N) required for the FAO-pathway. In the presence of anaplerotic pathways (e.g., mitochondrial malic enzyme, mtME) the capacity of the FAO-pathway can be overestimated due to a contribution of NADH-linked respiration, F(N) (see SUIT-002). |
| Malate dehydrogenase | mtMDH | Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase is localized in the mitochondrial matrix and oxidizes malate, generated from fumarate by fumarase, to oxaloacetate, reducing NAD+ to NADH+H+ in the TCA cycle. Malate is added as a substrate in most N-pathway control states. |
| Malate transport | Carriers for malate: | |
| Malate-anaplerotic pathway control state | M |  M: Malate alone does not support respiration of mt-preparations if oxaloacetate cannot be metabolized further in the absence of a source of acetyl-CoA. Transport of oxaloacetate across the inner mt-membrane is restricted particularly in liver. Mitochondrial citrate and 2-oxoglutarate (Ξ±-ketoglutarate) are depleted by antiport with malate. Succinate is lost from the mitochondria through the dicarboxylate carrier. OXPHOS capacity with malate alone is only 1.3% of that with Pyruvate&Malate in isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. However, many mammalian and non-mammalian mitochondria have a mt-isoform of NADP+- or NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme (mtME), the latter being particularly active in proliferating cells. Then the anaplerotic pathway control state with malate alone (aN) supports high respiratory activities comparable to the NADH-linked pathway control states (N) with pyruvate&malate or glutamate&malate substrate combinations (PM-pathway control state, GM-pathway control state). |
| Malate-aspartate shuttle | The malate-aspartate shuttle involves the glutamate-aspartate carrier and the 2-oxoglutarate carrier exchanging malate2- for 2-oxoglutarate2-. Cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and transaminase complete the shuttle for the transport of cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial matrix. It is most important in heart, liver and kidney. | |
| Malic enzyme | mtME | Malic enzyme (ME; EC 1.1.1.40) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate to pyruvate with the concomitant reduction of the dinucleotide cofactor NAD+ or NADP+ and a requirement for divalent cations (Mg2+ or Mn2+) as cofactors. NAD(P)+ + L-malate2- <--> NAD(P)H + pyruvate- + CO2 Three groups of ME are distinguished (i) NAD+- and (ii) NADP+-dependent ME specific for NAD+ or NADP+, respectively, and (iii) NAD(P)+- dependent ME with dual specificity for NAD+ or NADP+ as cofactor. Three isoforms of ME have been identified in mammals: cytosolic NADP+-dependent ME (cNADP-ME or ME1), mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent ME (mtNAD-ME or ME2; with NAD+ or NADP+ as cofactor, preference for NAD+ under physiological conditions), and mitochondrial NADP+-dependent ME (mtNADP-ME or ME3). mtNAD-ME plays an important role in anaplerosis when glucose is limiting, particularly in heart and skeletal muscle. Tartronic acid (hydroxymalonic acid) is an inhibitor of ME. |
| Malonate | Mna | Malonate (malonic acid) is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II). Malonate is a substrate of malonyl-CoA synthase. |
| Malonyl-CoA synthase | Malonyl-CoA synthase or ACSF3 protein is a mitochondrial fatty-acyl-CoA synthase found in mammals. Traditionally, malonyl-CoA is formed from acetyl-CoA by the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. However, Witkowski et al (2011) showed that mammals express malonyl-CoA Synthase (ACSF3) with enzymatic activity in the presence of malonate (Complex II inhibitor) and methylmalonate. | |
| Manage setups and templates - DatLab | Setups and templates in DatLab can be renamed or deleted under Manage setups or Manage templates. | |
| Manuscript template for MitoFit Preprints | Manuscripts template for MitoFit Preprints and Bioenergetics Communications. | |
| Mark information | Marks | Β» See Marks - DatLab |
