Property:Description
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| 2 OroboPOS + | The '''2 OroboPOS''' set (two polarographic oxygen sensors, POS) is included in the [[O2k-Core]], shipped with the O2k in the [[O2k-Service Box]]. For details, see [[OroboPOS]]. |
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| ADP + | Adenosine 5’diphosphate (D), C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>15</sub>N<sub>5</sub>O<sub>10</sub>P<sub>2</sub>K, potassium salt; substrate of [[ANT]] and [[ATP synthase]]. |
| AMPK + | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| ATP + | Adenosine 5’-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate (T), C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>N<sub>5</sub>O<sub>13</sub>P<sub>3</sub>Na<sub>2</sub>. |
| ATP synthase + | '''ATP synthase''' ([[Complex V]]) catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP in an exergonic process that is driven by proton translocation along the electrochemical proton gradient. |
| Absorbance + | Also known as attenuation or extinction, ' … Also known as attenuation or extinction, '''absorbance''' (''A'') is a measure of the difference between the [[incident light]] intensity (''I''<sub>0</sub>) and the intensity of light emerging from a sample (''I''). It is defined as: ''A'' = log (''I''<sub>0</sub>/''I'') log (''I''<sub>0</sub>/''I'') |
| Absorbance spectrum + | When light enters a sample, the amount of … When light enters a sample, the amount of light that it absorbs is dependent upon the wavelength of the incident light. The '''absorbance spectrum''' is the curve derived by plotting the measured [[absorbance]] against the wavelength of the light emerging from the sample over a given [[wavelength range]]. An [[absorbance spectrum]] may be characterised by peaks and troughs (absorbance maxima and minima) that can be used to identify, and sometimes quantify, different absorbing substances present in a sample. absorbing substances present in a sample. |
| Absorption + | When light enters a sample and emerges wit … When light enters a sample and emerges with an intensity (''I''), '''absorption''' (''Abs'') is the fraction of the light absorbed by the sample compared with the [[incident light]] intensity (''I''<sub>''0''</sub>): ''Abs'' = 1-''I''/''I''<sub>''0''</sub>. Absorption can also be expressed as ''Abs'' = 1-''T'', where ''T'' is the [[transmittance]]. T'', where ''T'' is the [[transmittance]]. |
| Absorption spectrum + | An '''absorption spectrum''' is similar to an [[absorbance spectrum]] of a sample, but plotted as a function of [[absorption]] against wavelength. |
| Accuracy + | The '''accuracy''' of a method is the degree of agreement between an individual test result generated by the method and the true value. |
| Additive effect of convergent CI+II electron flow + | '''Additivity''' describes the princple of … '''Additivity''' describes the princple of substrate control of mitochondrial respiration, where the '''additive effect of convertent CI+II electron flow''' is a consequence of electron flow converging at the '''Q-junction''' from respiratory Complexes I and II ([[CI+II e-input]]). Further additivity may be observed by convergent electron flow through [[glycerophosphate dehydrogenase]] and [[electron-transferring flavoprotein]]. Convergent electron flow corresponds to the operation of the [[TCA cycle]] and mitochondrial substrate supply in vivo. Convergent electron flow simultaneously through CI+II into the [[Q-junction]] supports higher [[OXPHOS capacity]] and [[ETS capacity]] than separate electron flow through either CI or CII. Physiological substrate combinations supporting convergent CI+II e-input are required for reconstitution of intracellular [[TCA cycle]] function. The convergent CI+II effect may be completely or partially additive, suggesting that conventional bioenergetic protocols with [[Mitochondrial preparations|mt-preparations]] have underestimated cellular OXPHOS capacities, due to the gating effect through a single branch, corresponding to [[additivity]]. e branch, corresponding to [[additivity]]. |
| Adenine nucleotide translocase + | The '''adenine nucleotide translocator''' exchanges [[ADP]] for [[ATP]] in an electrogenic antiport across the inner mt-membrane. Inhibited by [[atractyloside]] and [[carboxyatractyloside|carboxyatractyloside (Cat)]]. |
| Amplex red + | '''Amplex red''' (AmR) belongs to the [[ex … '''Amplex red''' (AmR) belongs to the [[extrinsic fluorophores]] and makes use of the fact that [[ROS]] generate [[hydrogen peroxide]] (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and it is the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> level that Amplex red is used to measure. In the presence of [[horseradish peroxidase]], Amplex red reacts with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> to produce the red fluorescent compound resorufin (excitation wavelength 563 nm, emission 587 nm). The emitted fluorescence intensity is directly proportional to the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration. t;O<sub>2</sub> concentration. |
| Amplitude + | The '''amplitude''' of the [[absorbance sp … The '''amplitude''' of the [[absorbance spectrum]] can be described in terms of the [[absorbance]] differences between the characteristic peaks (absorbance maxima) and troughs (absorbance minima) (see [[absorbance spectrum]]) for substances present in the sample. m]]) for substances present in the sample. |
| Amytal + | Amytal sodium salt (synonym: amobarbital; 5-Ethyl-5-isoamylbarbituric acid) is a barbiturate drug and an inhibitor of [[Complex I]]. |
| Anaplerotic reaction + | Anaplerotic reactions replenish the pool of TCA cycle intermediates. |
| Antimycin A + | Inhibitor of [[Complex III]]. It binds to the Qi site of Complex III and inhibits the transfer of electrons from heme bH to oxidized Q (Qi site inhibitor)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_Q_-_cytochrome_c_reductase#Inhibitors_of_complex_III]. |
| Ascorbate + | In respiratory assays for cytochrome c oxidase (COX; [[Complex IV|complex CIV]]) activity, '''ascorbate''' is added as regenerating system for reduced [[TMPD|TMPD]]. |
| Atractyloside + | '''Atractyloside''' is an inhibitor of the … '''Atractyloside''' is an inhibitor of the [[adenine nucleotide translocator|Adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT)]]. It is an extremely toxic glycoside that inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by blocking the transfer of adenosine nucleotides through the mitochondrial membrane. otides through the mitochondrial membrane. |
| Autophagy + | REDIRECT [[Mitophagy]] |
| Averaging + | In order to improve the [[signal-to-noise ratio]] a number of sequential spectra may be averaged over time. The number of spectra to be averaged can be set prior to carrying out the measurements, or afterwards during data analysis. |
| Azide + | '''Sodium azide''' is an inhbitor of [[cytochrome c oxidase]] ([[Complex IV|complex CIV]], COX, CcO). |
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| Balance + | In transmission spectrophotometry [[blank] … In transmission spectrophotometry [[blank]] [[cuvettes]] are used to record the [[incident light]] intensity (''I''<sub>''0''</sub>) prior to absorbance measurements. (See [[white balance]] for [[reflectance spectrophotometry]], [[remittance spectrophotometry]]). etry]], [[remittance spectrophotometry]]). |
| Bandwidth + | '''Bandwidth''' is measured in nanometers in terms of the full width half maximum of a peak. This is the portion of the peak that is greater than half of the maximum intensity of that peak. |
| Basal respiration + | '''Basal respiration''' or '''basal metabo … '''Basal respiration''' or '''basal metabolic rate''' (BMR) is the minimal rate of metabolism required to support basic body functions, required for maintenance only. BMR (in humans) is measured at rest 12 to 14 hours after eating. Maintenance energy requirements include particularly the metabolic costs of ion homeostasis and protein turnover. In many aerobic organisms, and particularly well studied in mammals, BMR is fully aerobic, i.e. direct calorimetry (measurement of [[heat dissipation]]) and indirect calorimetry (measurement of oxygen consumption multiplied by the [[oxycaloric equivalent]]) agree very closely (Blaxter KL 1962. The energy metabolism of ruminants. Hutchinson, London: 332 pp). In many cultured mammalian cells, aerobic glycolysis contributes to total ATP turnover ([[Gnaiger_1990_Biochim Biophys Acta|Gnaiger and Kemp 1990]]), and under these conditions, basal '[[respiration]]' is not equivalent to basal '[[metabolic rate]]'. equivalent to basal '[[metabolic rate]]'. |
