Search by property

This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state + ([[File:SUIT-catg F.jpg|right|300px|F-junct … [[File:SUIT-catg F.jpg|right|300px|F-junction]]In the '''fatty acid oxidation pathway control state''' (F- or FAO-pathway), one or several fatty acids are supplied to feed electrons into the [[F-junction]] through fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase (reduced form [[FADH2]]), to [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF), and further through the [[Q-junction]] to [[Complex III]] (CIII). FAO not only depends on electron transfer through the F-junction (which is typically rate-limiting relative to the N-pathway branch), but simultaneously generates FADH2 and NADH and thus depends on [[N-junction]] throughput. Hence FAO can be inhibited completely by inhibition of [[Complex I]] (CI). In addition and independent of this source of NADH, the type N substrate malate is required at low concentration (0.1 mM) as a co-substrate for FAO in mt-preparations, since accumulation of Acetyl-CoA inhibits FAO in the absence of malate. Malate is oxidized in a reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase to oxaloacetate (yielding NADH), which then stimulates the entry of Acetyl-CoA into the TCA cycle catalyzed by citrate synthase. Peroxysomal ''β''-oxidation carries out few ''β''-oxidation cycles, thus shortening very-long-chain fatty acids (>C20) for entry into mitochondrial ''β''-oxidation. Oxygen consumption by peroxisomal [[acyl-CoA oxidase]] is considered as [[residual oxygen consumption]] rather than cell respiration.esidual oxygen consumption]] rather than cell respiration.)
FN + ([[File:SUIT-catg FN.jpg|right|300px|F-junc … [[File:SUIT-catg FN.jpg|right|300px|F-junction]]FN is induced in mt-preparations by addition of [[NADH]]-generating substrates ([[N-pathway control state]], or CI-linked pathway control) in combination with one or several fatty acids, which are supplied to feed electrons into the [[F-junction]] through [[fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase]] (reduced form [[FADH2]]), to [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF), and further through the [[Q-junction]] to [[Complex III]] (CIII). FAO not only depends on electron transfer through the F-junction (which is typically rate-limiting), but simultaneously generates FADH2 and NADH and thus depends on [[N-junction]] throughput. Hence FAO can be inhibited completely by inhibition of [[Complex I]] (CI). This physiological substrate combination is required for partial reconstitution of [[TCA cycle]] function and convergent electron-input into the [[Q-junction]], to compensate for metabolite depletion into the incubation medium. FS in combination exerts an [[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.[[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.)
FNS + ([[File:SUIT-catg FNS.jpg|right|300px|F-jun … [[File:SUIT-catg FNS.jpg|right|300px|F-junction]]FNS is induced in mt-preparations by addition of [[NADH]]-generating substrates ([[N-pathway control state]], or CI-linked pathway control) in combination with [[succinate]] ([[S-pathway control state]]; S- or CII-linked) and one or several fatty acids, which are supplied to feed electrons into the [[F-junction]] through [[fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase]] (reduced form [[FADH2]]), to [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF), and further through the [[Q-junction]] to [[Complex III]] (CIII). FAO not only depends on electron transfer through the F-junction (which is typically rate-limiting), but simultaneously generates FADH2 and NADH and thus depends on [[N-junction]] throughput. Hence FAO can be inhibited completely by inhibition of [[Complex I]] (CI). This physiological substrate combination is required for partial reconstitution of [[TCA cycle]] function and convergent electron-input into the [[Q-junction]], to compensate for metabolite depletion into the incubation medium. FNS in combination exerts an [[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.[[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.)
Q-junction + ([[File:SUIT-catg FNSGp.jpg|right|300px|Q-j … [[File:SUIT-catg FNSGp.jpg|right|300px|Q-junction]]The '''Q-junction''' is a junction for [[convergent electron flow]] in the [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pathway) from type N substrates and mt-matrix dehydrogenases through [[Complex I]] (CI), from type F substrates and FA oxidation through [[electron-transferring flavoprotein Complex]] (CETF), from succinate (S) through [[Complex II]] (CII), from glycerophosphate (Gp) through [[glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex]] (CGpDH), from choline through [[choline dehydrogenase]], from dihydro-orotate through [[dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase]], and other enzyme Complexes into the Q-cycle (ubiquinol/ubiquinone), and further downstream to [[Complex III]] (CIII) and [[Complex IV]] (CIV). The concept of the Q-junction, with the [[N-junction]] and [[F-junction]] upstream, provides the rationale for defining [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s and [[categories of SUIT protocols]].[[categories of SUIT protocols]].)
Electron-transfer-pathway state + ([[File:SUIT-catg FNSGpCIV.jpg|right|400px] … [[File:SUIT-catg FNSGpCIV.jpg|right|400px]]'''Electron-transfer-pathway states''' are obtained in [[mitochondrial preparations]] (isolated mitochondria, permeabilized cells, permeabilized tissues, tissue homogenate) by depletion of endogenous substrates and addition to the mitochondrial respiration medium of fuel substrates (CHNO) activating specific mitochondrial pathways, and possibly inhibitors of specific pathways. Mitochondrial electron-transfer-pathway states have to be defined complementary to mitochondrial [[coupling-control state]]s. [[Coupling-control state]]s require [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET-pathway competent states]], including oxygen supply. [[Categories of SUIT protocols]] are defined according to mitochondrial ET-pathway states.» [[#ET_pathway_states |'''MiPNet article''']][#ET_pathway_states |'''MiPNet article''']])
N-junction + ([[File:SUIT-catg N.jpg|right|300px|N-junct … [[File:SUIT-catg N.jpg|right|300px|N-junction]]The '''N-junction''' is a junction for [[convergent electron flow]] in the [[electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pathway) from type N substrates (''further details'' »[[N-pathway control state]]) through the mt-[[NADH]] pool to [[Complex I]] (CI), and further transfer through the [[Q-junction]] to [[Complex III]] (CIII). Representative type N substrates are pyruvate (P), glutamate (G) and malate (M). The corresponding dehydrogenases ([[Pyruvate dehydrogenase |PDH]], [[Glutamate dehydrogenase |GDH]], [[Malate dehydrogenase |MDH]]) and some additional TCA cycle dehydrogenases ([[isocitrate dehydrogenase]], [[oxoglutarate dehydrogenase]] generate NADH, the substrate of [[Complex I]] (CI). The concept of the N-junction and [[F-junction]] provides a basis for defining [[categories of SUIT protocols]] based on [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s.[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s.)
NADH electron transfer-pathway state + ([[File:SUIT-catg N.jpg|right|300px|N-junct … [[File:SUIT-catg N.jpg|right|300px|N-junction]]The '''NADH electron transfer-pathway state''' (N) is obtained by addition of [[NADH]]-linked substrates (CI-linked), feeding electrons into the [[N-junction]] catalyzed by various mt-dehydrogenases. N-supported flux is induced in mt-preparations by the addition of NADH-generating substrate combinations of [[pyruvate]] (P), [[glutamate]] (G), [[malate]] (M), [[oxaloacetate]] (Oa), [[oxoglutarate]] (Og), [[citrate]], [[hydroxybutyrate]]. These N-junction substrates are (indirectly) linked to [[Complex I]] by the corresponding dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions reducing NAD+ to NADH+H+ + H+. The most commonly applied N-junction substrate combinations are: [[PM]], [[GM]], [[PGM]]. The [[malate-anaplerotic pathway control state]] (M alone) is a special case related to [[malic enzyme]] (mtME). The [[glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state]] (G alone) supports respiration through [[glutamate dehydrogenase]] (mtGDH). Oxidation of [[tetrahydrofolate]] is a NAD(P)H linked pathway with formation of formate. In mt-preparations, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH; [[CII]]) is largely substrate-limited in N-linked respiration, due to metabolite depletion into the incubation medium. The residual involvement of S-linked respiration in the N-pathway control state can be further suppressed by the CII-inhibitor [[malonic acid]]). In the N-pathway control state [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 4]] is active.[[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 4]] is active.)
NS-pathway control state + ([[File:SUIT-catg NS.jpg|right|300px|NS-pat … [[File:SUIT-catg NS.jpg|right|300px|NS-pathway control]]'''NS-pathway control''' is exerted in the NS-linked substrate state (flux in the NS-linked substrate state, NS; or Complex I&II, CI&II-linked substrate state). NS-OXPHOS capacity provides an estimate of physiologically relevant maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacity. NS is induced in mt-preparations by addition of [[NADH]]-generating substrates ([[N-pathway control state]] in combination with [[succinate]] ([[Succinate pathway]]; S). Whereas NS expresses substrate control in terms of substrate types (N and S), CI&II defines the same concept in terms of convergent electron transfer to the [[Q-junction]] (pathway control). '''NS''' is the abbreviation for the combination of [[NADH]]-linked substrates (N) and [[succinate]] (S). This physiological substrate combination is required for partial reconstitution of [[TCA cycle]] function and convergent electron-input into the [[Q-junction]], to compensate for metabolite depletion into the incubation medium. NS in combination exerts an [[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.[[additive effect of convergent electron flow]] in most types of mitochondria.)
Glycerophosphate pathway control state + ([[File:SUIT-catg_Gp.jpg|right|300px|Gp-pat … [[File:SUIT-catg_Gp.jpg|right|300px|Gp-pathway]]The '''glycerophosphate pathway control state''' (Gp) is an [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |ET-pathway level 3 control state]], supported by the fuel substrate [[glycerophosphate]] and electron transfer through [[glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex]] into the [[Q-junction]]. The [[glycerolphosphate shuttle]] represents an important pathway, particularly in liver and blood cells, of making cytoplasmic [[NADH]] available for mitochondrial [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. Cytoplasmic NADH reacts with dihydroxyacetone phosphate catalyzed by cytoplasmic glycerophos-phate dehydrogenase. On the outer face of the inner mitochondrial membrane, mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase oxidises glycerophosphate back to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a reaction not generating NADH but reducing a flavin prosthesic group. The reduced flavoprotein donates its reducing equivalents to the electron transfer-pathway at the level of [[CoQ]].[[CoQ]].)
Categories of SUIT protocols + ([[File:SUIT-catg_MitoPathway types.jpg|rig … [[File:SUIT-catg_MitoPathway types.jpg|right|200px]]'''Categories of SUIT protocols''' group [[MitoPedia: SUIT |SUIT protocols]] according to all substrate types involved in a protocol (F, N, S, Gp), independent of the sequence of titrations of substrates and inhibitors which define the [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s. The [[N-pathway control |N-type substrates]] are listed in parentheses, independent of the sequence of titrations. ROX states may or may not be included in a SUIT protocol, which does not change its category. Similarly, the [[CIV]] assay may or may not be added at the end of a SUIT protocol, without effect on the category of a SUIT protocol.* '''F''' - ET-pathway-level 5: [[FADH2 |FADH2]]-linked substrates (FAO) with obligatory support by the N-linked pathway.* '''N''' - ET-pathway-level 4: [[NADH]]-linked substrates (CI-linked).* '''S''' - ET-pathway-level 3: [[Succinate]] (CII-linked).* '''Gp''' - ET-pathway-level 3: [[Glycerophosphate]] (CGpDH-linked).* '''Y(X)'''- In the SUIT general protocols Y makes reference to the ET-pathway state and X to the combination os substrates added for the corresponding pathway.» [[#Categorization of SUIT protocols: ETS pathway control states |'''MiPNet article''']][#Categorization of SUIT protocols: ETS pathway control states |'''MiPNet article''']])
Succinate pathway + ([[File:SUIT-catg_S.jpg|right|300px|Succina … [[File:SUIT-catg_S.jpg|right|300px|Succinate]]The '''Succinate pathway''' (S-pathway; S) is the [[electron transfer pathway]] that supports succinate-linked respiration (succinate-induced respiratory state; previously used nomenclature: CII-linked respiration; SRot; see [[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol]]). The S-pathway describes the electron flux through [[Complex II]] (CII; see [[succinate dehydrogenase]], SDH) from succinate and FAD to fumarate and CII-bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) to the [[Q-junction]].The S-pathway control state is usually induced in mt-preparations by addition of succinate&rotenone. In this case, only [[Complex III]] and [[Complex IV]] are involved in pumping protons from the matrix (positive phase, P-phase) to the negative phase (N-phase) with a P»/O2 of 3.5 (P»/O ratio = 1.75).phase) with a P»/O2 of 3.5 (P»/O ratio = 1.75).)
SUIT protocol names + ([[File:SUIT-nomenclature.jpg|300px|right|S … [[File:SUIT-nomenclature.jpg|300px|right|SUIT protocols]]The '''SUIT protocol name''' starts with (i) the [[Categories of SUIT protocols |SUIT category]] which shows the [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s (ET pathway types; e.g. N, S, NS, FNS, FNSGp), independent of the actual sequence of titrations. (ii) A further distinction is provided in the SUIT name by listing in parentheses the substrates applied in the [[N-pathway control state]]s, again independent of the sequence of titrations, e.g. NS(GM), NS(PM), FNSGp(PGM). (iii) A sequentially selected number is added, e.g. SUIT_FNS(PM)01 (see [[Coupling/pathway control diagram]]). The '''systematic name''' of a SUIT protocol starts with the [[Categories of SUIT protocols |SUIT category]], followed by an underline dash and the sequence of titration steps (mark names, #''X'', separated by a comma). The [[Marks in DatLab |Marks]] define the section of a [[respiratory state]] in the SUIT protocol. The [[Mark names in DatLab |Mark name]] contains the sequential number and the [[metabolic control variable]], ''X''. The metabolic control variable is the name of the preceding SUIT [[event]]. The [[MitoPedia: SUIT |MitoPedia list of SUIT protocols]] can be sorted by the short name or the systematic name (hence by SUIT protocol category. The '''[[SUIT protocol pattern]]''' is best illustrated by a [[coupling/pathway control diagram]].[[coupling/pathway control diagram]].)
Coupling/pathway control diagram + ([[File:SUIT-nomenclature.jpg|300px|right|S … [[File:SUIT-nomenclature.jpg|300px|right|SUIT protocols]]'''Coupling/pathway control diagrams''' illustrate the respiratory '''states''' obtained step-by-step in substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titrations in a [[SUIT protocol]]. Each step (to the next state) is defined by an initial state and a [[metabolic control variable]], ''X''. The respiratory states are shown by boxes. ''X'' is usually the titrated substance in a SUIT protocol. If ''X'' ([[ADP]], [[uncoupler]]s, or inhibitors of the [[phosphorylation system]], e.g. oligomycin) exerts '''coupling control''', then a transition is induced between two [[coupling-control state]]s. If ''X'' (fuel substrates, e.g. pyruvate and succinate, or [[Electron transfer pathway]] inhibitors, e.g. rotenone) exerts '''pathway control''', then a transition is induced between two [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s. The type of metabolic control (''X'') is shown by arrows linking two respiratory states, with vertical arrows indicating coupling control, and horizontal arrows indicating pathway control. [[Marks - DatLab |Marks]] define the section of an experimental trace in a given [[respiratory state]] (steady state). [[Events - DatLab |Events]] define the titration of ''X'' inducing a transition in the SUIT protocol. The specific sequence of coupling control and pathway control steps defines the [[SUIT protocol pattern]]. The coupling/pathway control diagrams define the [[categories of SUIT protocols]] (see Figure).[[categories of SUIT protocols]] (see Figure).)
SUIT-013 + ([[File:SUIT013 AmR ce D023.png|300px]])
SUIT-013 AmR ce D023 + ([[File:SUIT013 AmR ce D023.png|400px]])
Sample Holder + ([[File:Sample Holder - 28410-01.jpg|right|180px]] Sample Holder - to protect susceptible samples from being damaged by stirring of the medium in the 2.0 mL O2k-chamber.)
O2k series + ([[File:Seires number H-Seires.png|right|20 … [[File:Seires number H-Seires.png|right|200 px|The serial number of each O2k is shown on a sticker at the rear of the O2k.]]The '''O2k series''' is specified as the capital letter in the O2k serial number of the [[Oroboros O2k]]. A serial number G-#### or H-#### denotes an Oxygraph from the G or H series, while A-#### denotes an O2k from the A series. With [[DatLab]] running real-time connected to the O2k, the serial number of the currently connected O2k is displayed: (1) in the right corner of the [[O2k status line|status line]], besides the DatLab version number (bottom), and (2) in windows [[O2k control]] [F7] and [[O2k configuration]].[[O2k configuration]].)
Stopper\black PEEK\angular Shaft\side+6.2+2.6 mm Port + ([[File:Stopper black PEEK angular Shaft si … [[File:Stopper black PEEK angular Shaft side+6.2+2.6 mm Port.JPG|180px|right]]'''Stopper\black PEEK\angular Shaft\side+6.2+2.6 mm Port''', for application with [[ISE]]; side titration port and two additional holes (6.2 mm and 2.6 mm); angular bottom; including [[Volume-Calibration Ring]] (A or B); 2 mounted O-rings, with 8 spare O-rings ([[O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm]]).[[O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm]]).)
Stopper\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central+2.3+2.6 mm Port + ([[File:Stopper black PEEK conical Shaft ce … [[File:Stopper black PEEK conical Shaft central+2.3+2.6 mm Port.JPG|180px|right]]'''Stopper\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central+2.3+2.6 mm Port''': for pH and reference electrode, central titration port and two additional ports (2.3 mm and 2.6 mm); conical bottom; including Volume-Calibration Ring (A or B), 2 mounted O-rings, with 8 spare O-rings ([[O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm]]).[[O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm]]).)
Succinate + ([[File:Succinic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Succin … [[File:Succinic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Succinic acid]]'''Succinic acid''', C4H6O4, (butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid which occurs under physiological conditions as the anion '''succinate2-, S''', with ''p''Ka1 = 4.2 and ''p''Ka2 = 5.6. Succinate is formed in the [[TCA cycle]], and is a substrate of [[Complex II |CII]], reacting to [[fumarate]] and feeding electrons into the [[Q-junction]]. Succinate (CII-linked) and NADH (CI-linked) provide convergent electron entries into the Q-junction. Succinate is transported across the inner mt-membrane by the [[dicarboxylate carrier]]. The plasma membrane of many cell types is impermeable for succinate (but see [[Zhunussova 2015 Am J Cancer Res]] for an exception). Incubation of mt-preparations by succinate alone may lead to accumulation of [[oxaloacetate]], which is a potent inhibitor of Complex II (compare [[Succinate and rotenone]]). High activities of mt-[[Malic enzyme]] (mtME) prevent accumulation of oxaloacetate in incubations with succinate without rotenone.[[Malic enzyme]] (mtME) prevent accumulation of oxaloacetate in incubations with succinate without rotenone.)
Syringe\500 mm3 51/0.41 mm + ([[File:Syringe 500 mm3 51 0.41 mm.JPG |rig … [[File:Syringe 500 mm3 51 0.41 mm.JPG |right|180px]]Hamilton '''Syringe\500 mm3 51/0.41 mm''' for manual titrations, 500 mm3 volume; fixed needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.41 mm inner diameter; for injections of suspensions of isolated mitochondria and filling of the [[Microsyringe\200 mm3\TIP2k]].[[Microsyringe\200 mm3\TIP2k]].)
Syringe Labels + ([[File:Syringe Labels_2017.JPG|right|180px]]'''Syringe Labels''': set of labels with standard abbreviations (see [[MiPNet09.12_O2k-Titrations | O2k-Titrations]]).)
Syringe Racks + ([[File:Syringe Racks.JPG|right|180px]]'''Syringe Racks''': stainless steel; for proper placement of eight Hamilton microsyringes in HRR experiments; package of two (for a total of 16 microsyringes).)
Syringe Storage Box + ([[File:Syringe Storage Box.jpg|right|180px]]'''Syringe Storage Box''': for storing the Hamilton microsyringes; includes [[Syringe Labels]].)
TIP2k-Module + ([[File:TIP2k with 200 mm3 microsyringe.JPG … [[File:TIP2k with 200 mm3 microsyringe.JPG|180px|right]]'''TIP2k-Module''' - Titration-Injection microPump (TIP2k) for two-channel operation with the [[O2k-FluoRespirometer]] with automatic control by [[DatLab]] of programmable titration regimes and feedback control (oxystat, pH-stat).s and feedback control (oxystat, pH-stat).)
O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module + ([[File:TPP new.jpg|180px|right]]'''O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module''': Potentiometric ion-selective electrodes for measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential)
Avogadro constant + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|4 … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|400px|thumb|]] {''Quote''} The '''Avogadro constant''' ''N''A is a proportionality constant between the quantity [[amount]] of substance (with unit [[mole]]) and the quantity for [[count |counting entities]] ... One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary [[entity |entities]]. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, ''N''A, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number {''End of Quote'': [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI)]]}. Thus the Avogadro constant ''N''A has the SI unit 'per mole' [mol-1], but more strictly the unit for counting entities per amount is 'units per mole' [x·mol-1] (compare [[elementary charge]]). Therefore, ''N''A is 'count per amount' with units 'counting units per mole'. The Avogadro constant times elementary charge is the [[Faraday constant]].raday constant]].)
Boltzmann constant + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|4 … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|400px|thumb|]] The '''Boltzmann constant''' ''k'' has the SI unit [J·K-1] (IUPAC), but more strictly the units for energy per particles per temperature is [J·x-1·K-1]. ''k'' = ''f''·''e''-1, the [[electrochemical constant]] ''f'' times the [[elementary charge]] ''e''. ''k'' = ''R''·''N''A-1, the [[gas constant]] ''R'' divided by the [[Avogadro constant]] ''N''A.gadro constant]] ''N''A.)
Gas constant + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|4 … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|left|400px|thumb|]] The '''gas constant''', ''R'' = 8.314462618 J·mol-1·K-1, has the SI unit for energy per amount per temperature. ''R'' is primarily known from the ideal gas equation, ''pV'' = ''nRT'' or ''p'' = ''cRT''. Therefore, ''RT'' is the ratio of pressure ''p'' and concentration ''c''. ''R'' = ''f''·''F'', the [[electrochemical constant]] ''f'' times the [[Faraday constant]] ''F''. ''R'' = ''k''·''N''A, the [[Boltzmann constant]] ''k'' times the [[Avogadro constant]] ''N''A.ogadro constant]] ''N''A.)
Electrochemical constant + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|right| … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|right|400px|thumb|]] The '''electrochemical constant''' ''f'' has the SI unit for energy per charge per temperature [J·C-1·K-1]. ''f'' = ''k''·''e''-1, the [[Boltzmann constant]] ''k'' divided by the [[elementary charge]] ''e''. ''f'' = ''R''·''F''-1, the [[gas constant]] ''R'' divided by the [[Faraday constant]] ''F''.raday constant]] ''F''.)
Format + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|right| … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|right|600px|thumb|Converstion between different motive formats and corresponding motive units ([[Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]])]].Different '''formats''' can be chosen to express physicochemical quantities ([[motive entity |motive entities]] or transformants) in corresponding [[motive unit]]s [MU]. Fundamental formats for electrochemical transformations are:* ''N'': particle or molecular format of a count; MU = x * ''n'': chemical or molar format of amount; MU = mol * ''e'': electrical format of charge; MU = C* ''m'': mass format; MU = kg* ''V'': volume format; MU = m3* ''G'': exergy format; MU = J* ''H'': enthalpy format; MU = J* ''S'': entropy format; MU = J·K-1lt;/u>: exergy format; MU = J * ''H'': enthalpy format; MU = J * ''S'': entropy format; MU = J·K-1)
Elementary charge + ([[File:Table Physical constants.png|right| … [[File:Table Physical constants.png|right|400px|thumb|]] The '''elementary charge''' or proton charge ''e'' has the SI unit coulomb [C], but more strictly coulomb per elementary unit [C·x-1]. -''e'' is the charge per electron. Elementary charge ''e'' is the charge per [[elementary entity]] H+ with SI unit [C] but canonical SI unit [C·x-1]. When the charge ''Q''el [C] of a number ''N''e [x] of electrons e is divided by the count ''N''e, then the [[particle charge]] ''QNX'' (''QNX'') charge per elementary entity is obtained, -''e'' = ''Q''el/''N''e [C·x-1]. ''e'' is also used as an atomic unit.X'') charge per elementary entity is obtained, -''e'' = ''Q''el/''N''e [C·x-1]. ''e'' is also used as an atomic unit.)
T-Shirt: MitoFit + ([[File:Tshirt MitoFit OROBOROS.jpg|right|180px]] '''T-Shirt MitoFit''': Oroboros Logo on front, MitoFit Logo on back.)
Tube Racks + ([[File:Tube Racks.JPG|right|180px]]'''Tube Racks''': stainless steel, accomodating four 50-ml tubes, for cleaning of microsyringes, cleaning and storage of stoppers during cleaning of the [[O2k-chamber]]s; package of two (for a total of eight tubes).)
United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation + ([[File:UMDF LOGO.JPG|200px|left|UMDF]] The … [[File:UMDF LOGO.JPG|200px|left|UMDF]]The '''United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation''' (UMDF) was founded in 1996 to promote research and education for the diagnosis, treatment and cure of mitochondrial disorders and to provide support to affected individuals and families.port to affected individuals and families.)
V-ring\30-35-4.5 mm + ([[File:V-Ring 30-35-4.5.JPG|right|180px]] '''V-ring\30-35-4.5 mm''', mounted on [[O2k-Chamber Holder]] and [[O2k-Chamber Holder sV]].)
O-ring\Viton\18x2 mm + ([[File:Viton O-ring 18x2.jpg|right|180px|link=]] '''O-ring\[[Viton]]\18x2 mm''', mounted on the [[O2k-Chamber Holder]].)
SUIT-003 O2 ce D039 + ([[File:ce1;(ce2Omy);ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.jpg|300px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce D061 + ([[File:ce1;(ce2Omy);ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5DMSO;ce6DMSO;ce7Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce D060 + ([[File:ce1;(ce2Omy);ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Snv;ce6Mnanv;ce7Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-002 O2 ce-pce D007a + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1D;2M.1;3Oct;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama;12AsTm;13Azd.png|400px|SUIT-RP2 for PBMC and PLT]])
SUIT-002 O2 ce-pce D007 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1D;2M.1;3Oct;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama;12AsTm;13Azd.png|400px|SUIT-RP2]])
SUIT-008 O2 ce-pce D025 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;2c;3G;4S;5U;6Rot;7Ama;8AsTm;9Az.png|600px]])
SUIT-012 O2 ce-pce D052 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;2c;3G;4U;5Ama.png|450px]])
SUIT-001 O2 ce-pce D004 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;2c;3U;4G;5S;(6Oct);7Rot;8Gp;9Ama;10AsTm;11Azd.png|400px|SUIT-RP1 for PBMC and PLT]])
SUIT-001 O2 ce-pce D003 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;2c;3U;4G;5S;6Oct;7Rot;8Gp;9Ama;10AsTm;11Azd.png|600px|SUIT-RP1]])
SUIT-006 MgG ce-pce D085 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;3Cat;4U;5Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-006 Q ce-pce D073 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1Q2;1Rot;1S;2D;(3Omy);4U;5Anox;6Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-026 O2 ce-pce D088 + ([[File:ce1;1Dig;1S;2Rot;3D;3c;4Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce D062 + ([[File:ce1;ce1DMSO;(ce2Omy);ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|400px]])

SUIT-003 AmR ce D059 + ([[File:ce1;ce1H2O;ce1MiR05;ce1DMSO;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|500px]])

SUIT-003 O2 ce-pce D013 + ([[File:ce1;ce1P;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Glc;ce5M;ce6Rot;ce7S;1Dig;1c;2Ama;3AsTm;4Azd.png|600px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce-pce D020 + ([[File:ce1;ce1P;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5S;1Dig;1c;2Ama;3AsTm;4Azd.png|600px]])
SUIT-003 Ce1;ce1P;ce3U;ce4Glc;ce5M;ce6Rot;ce7S;1Dig;1c;2Ama;3AsTm;4Azd + ([[File:ce1;ce1P;ce3U;ce4Glc;ce5M;ce6Rot;ce7S;1Dig;1c;2Ama;3AsTm;4Azd.png|600px]])
SUIT-003 Ce1;ce1SD;ce2Omy;ce3U- + ([[File:ce1;ce1SD;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|200px]])
SUIT-003 AmR ce D058 + ([[File:ce1;ce1SOD;ce1HRP;ce1AmR;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|500px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce D050 + ([[File:ce1;ce1Snv;(ce2Omy);ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|400px]])
SUIT-022 O2 ce D051 + ([[File:ce1;ce2KCN;ce3SHAM.v2.png|350px]] [[File:ce1;ce2KCN;ce3SHAM.png|350px]])
SUIT-022 + ([[File:ce1;ce2KCN;ce3SHAM.v2.png|400px]])
SUIT-003 O2 ce D028 + ([[File:ce1;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5S;ce6Ama.png|500px]])
SUIT-003 AmR ce D017 + ([[File:ce1;ce2P;ce3Omy;ce4U;ce5Rot;ce6S;ce7Ama.png|500px]])
SUIT-010 + ([[File:ce1;ce2Rot;ce3S;ce4D;1Dig;1c.png|400px|Respirometric test of optimum digitonin concentration ]])
SUIT-010 O2 ce-pce D008 + ([[File:ce1;ce2Rot;ce3S;ce4D;1Dig;1c.png|400px|Respirometric test of optimum digitonin concentration ]])
SUIT-003 Ce1;ce2SD;ce3Omy;ce4U- + ([[File:ce1;ce2SD;ce3Omy;ce4U;ce5Rot;ce6Ama.png|200px]])
SUIT-003 Ce1;ce2SD;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama + ([[File:ce1;ce2SD;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|200px]])
SUIT-023 O2 ce D053 + ([[File:ce1;ce2SHAM;ce3KCN.png|350px]])
SUIT-023 + ([[File:ce1;ce2SHAM;ce3KCN.png|400px]])
SUIT-006 02 mt D108 + ([[File:mt;1PGM;2D;2c;(3Omy);4U;5Myx.png|300 px]])
SUIT-006 NADH mt D084 + ([[File:mt;1PGM;2D;3(Omy);4U;5Anox;6Myx;7Reox.png|350px]])
SUIT-006 Q mt D071 + ([[File:mt;1Q2;1Rot;1S;2D;(3Omy);4U;5Anox;6Ama.png|400px]])
Stopper\white PVDF\conical Shaft\central Port + ([[Image:30221-24 PVDF Stopper.jpg|right|18 … [[Image:30221-24 PVDF Stopper.jpg|right|180px]] '''Stopper\white PVDF\conical Shaft\central Port''': for closing the 2-mL [[O2k-chamber]], with one capillary and conical basis; including [[Volume-Calibration Ring]] (A or B) for volume adjustment (1.5 to 3.2 mL); 2 mounted O-rings ([[O-ring\Viton\12x1 mm]]).'''Discontinued '''[[O-ring\Viton\12x1 mm]]). '''Discontinued ''')
TIP2k-Needle Spacer + ([[Image:80600-24 Spacers f. TIP2k needle.JPG|right|180px]]'''TIP2k-Needle Spacers''' for microinjection TIP2k needle, silicone stops (200/Pkg.) with mounting tool.)
ISE-Ca2+ Membranes + ([[Image:Ca2+ membranes.jpg|right|180px]]'''ISE-Ca2+ Membranes''': PVC, 4 mm diameter, box of 5 membranes. To be used with the [[O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module]].)
O2k-Chamber Holder + ([[Image:Chamber holder PVDF Stopper.jpg|ri … [[Image:Chamber holder PVDF Stopper.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2k-Chamber Holder''' (blue POM) for PVDF or PEEK stoppers (2-mL [[O2k-chamber]]), with [[O-ring\Viton\18x2 mm]] and [[V-ring\30-35-4.5 mm]]. Two units of this item are standard components mounted on the [[O2k-Main Unit]].[[O2k-Main Unit]].)
Cover-Slip\black + ([[Image:Cover-Slip_black.JPG|180px|right]] … [[Image:Cover-Slip_black.JPG|180px|right]] A '''Cover-Slip''' should be placed on top of the O2k-Stopper to minimize contamination and evaporation of liquid extruding from the capillary of the stopper. The Cover-Slips do not exert any direct effect on oxygen backdiffusion into the [[O2k-chamber]]. Use the the '''Cover-Slip\black''' to avoid light penetration and disturbance of fluorescence signals and generally for optical measurements in the O2k.rally for optical measurements in the O2k.)
SmartPOS + ([[Image:DSC_0491_SmartPOS.jpg|right|180px] … [[Image:DSC_0491_SmartPOS.jpg|right|180px]]The '''SmartPOS''' is a [[polarographic oxygen sensor]] (POS), for O2k-Series J and XB onward, with an amperometric mode of operation. The SmartPOS combines the previous [[OroboPOS]] and [[OroboPOS-Connector]] and is automatically recognized by the software DatLab 8. Combination of the previously separated components in one piece, protects the electrical connections. The SmartPOS is, like the [[OroboPOS]], a Clark type polarographic oxygen sensor (POS), which remains the gold standard for measuring dissolved oxygen in biomedical, environmental and industrial applications over a wide dynamic oxygen range. The SmartPOS meets the highest quality criteria in terms of linearity, stability and sensitivity of the signal.The sensor consists of a gold cathode, a silver/silverchloride anode and a KCl electrolyte reservoir separated from the sample by a 25 µm membrane (FEP). With application of a polarization voltage (0.8 V), a current is obtained as an amperometric signal.ent is obtained as an amperometric signal.)
E-L net ET capacity + ([[Image:E-L.jpg|50 px|E-L net ET capacity] … [[Image:E-L.jpg|50 px|E-L net ET capacity]] The '''''E-L'' net ET capacity''' is the [[ET capacity]] corrected for [[LEAK respiration]]. ''E-L'' is the respiratory capacity potentially available for ion transport and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Oxygen consumption in the ET-pathway state, therefore, is partitioned into the ''E-L'' net ET capacity and LEAK respiration ''LP'', compensating for proton leaks, slip and cation cycling: ''E'' = ''E-L''+''LP'' (see [[P-L net OXPHOS capacity]]).[[P-L net OXPHOS capacity]]).)
Electrolyte\Reference-Electrode + ([[Image:Electrolyte Reference-Electrode.jpg|right|180px|link=http://www.bioblast.at/index.php/Electrolyte%5CReference-Electrode]]'''Electrolyte\Reference-Electrode''' for [[Reference-Electrode\2.4 mm]])
E-P excess capacity + ([[Image:ExP.jpg|60 px|link=E-P excess capa … [[Image:ExP.jpg|60 px|link=E-P excess capacity|''E-P'' excess capacity]] The '''''E-P'' excess capacity''' is the difference of the [[ET capacity]] and [[OXPHOS capacity]]. At ''E-P'' > 0, the capacity of the [[phosphorylation system]] exerts a limiting effect on OXPHOS capacity. In addition, ''E-P'' depends on coupling efficiency, since ''P'' aproaches ''E'' at increasing uncoupling.P'' aproaches ''E'' at increasing uncoupling.)
E-R reserve capacity + ([[Image:ExR.jpg|60 px|E-R reserve capacity]] The '''''E-R'' reserve capacity''' is the difference of [[ET capacity]] and [[ROUTINE respiration]]. For further information, see [[Cell ergometry]].)
Filter Set AmR + ([[Image:Filter Set AmR.JPG|180px|right]]'' … [[Image:Filter Set AmR.JPG|180px|right]]'''Filter Set AmR''': Set of filters for the determination of H2O2 production with [[Amplex UltraRed]]. These filters should be used together with [[Fluorescence-Sensor Green]]. The filter set consists of 6 LED filters (round) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).d) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).)
Filter-Cap + ([[Image:Filter-Cap.JPG|180px|right]]'''Fil … [[Image:Filter-Cap.JPG|180px|right]]'''Filter-Cap''': O2k-Fluo LED2-Module (O2k-Series D to G) sensors ([[Fluorescence-Sensor Green]] and [[Fluorescence-Sensor Blue]]) and O2k-FluoRespirometer (O2k-Series H to I) sensors ([[Smart Fluo-Sensor Green]] and [[Smart Fluo-Sensor Blue]]) are equipped with a removable Filter-Cap for exchange of optical filters for the optical pathways from the LED to the sample and from the sample to the photodiode.ple and from the sample to the photodiode.)
Filter Set MgG / CaG + ([[Image:Filter_Set_MgG_CaG.JPG|180px|right … [[Image:Filter_Set_MgG_CaG.JPG|180px|right]]'''Filter set MgG / CaG''': Set of filters for the determination of concentraions of Mg2+ or Ca2+ with the fluorophores [[Magnesium green]] and [[Calcium green]], respectively. These filters should be used together with [[Fluorescence-Sensor Blue]] or [[Smart Fluo-Sensor Blue]]. The filter set consists of 6 LED filters (round) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).d) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).)
Filter Set Saf + ([[Image:Filter_Set_Saf.JPG|180px|right]]'' … [[Image:Filter_Set_Saf.JPG|180px|right]]'''Filter set Saf''': Set of filters for the (qualitative) determination of mitochondrial membrane potential with [[Safranin]]. These filters should be used together with [[Fluorescence-Sensor Blue]] or [[Smart Fluo-Sensor Blue]]. The filter set consists of 6 LED filters (round) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).d) and 6 photodiode filters (rectangular).)
Fluorescence-Control Unit + ([[Image:Fluorescence-Control Unit lettered … [[Image:Fluorescence-Control Unit lettered.jpg|180px|right]] '''Fluorescence-Control Unit''' with O2k-Front Fixation, Current-Control (O2k-Chamber A and B) for regulation of light intensity of the LED in the fluorescence sensors. This item is a standard component of the [[O2k-Fluorescence LED2-Module]].[[O2k-Fluorescence LED2-Module]].)
O2k-Fluo LED2-Module + ([[Image:Fluorescence-Control Unit lettered … [[Image:Fluorescence-Control Unit lettered.jpg|180px|right]] The '''O2k-Fluo LED2-Module''' is a component of the O2k-Fluorometer (O2k-Series D to G). It is an amperometric add-on module to the [[O2k-Core]] (O2k-Series D to G), adding a new dimension to high-resolution respirometry. Optical sensors are inserted through the front window of the O2k-glass chambers, for measurement of hydrogen peroxide production (Amplex® UltraRed), ATP production (Magnesium Green™), mt-membrane potential (Safranin, TMRM, Rhodamine 123), Ca2+ (Calcium Green™), and numerous other applications open for O2k-user innovation.erous other applications open for O2k-user innovation.)
Fluorescence-Sensor Blue + ([[Image:Fluorescence-Sensor Blue.JPG|180px … [[Image:Fluorescence-Sensor Blue.JPG|180px|right]]'''Fluorescence-Sensor Blue''': excitation LED 465 nm (dominant wavelength), photodiode, [[Filter-Cap]] equipped with [[Filter Set Saf]] for measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential with [[Safranin]] when delivered. The filter set [[Filter Set MgG / CaG]] for [[Magnesium green]]® / [[Calcium green]]® measurements is included.[Calcium green]]® measurements is included.)
Fluorescence-Sensor Green + ([[Image:Fluorescence-Sensor Green.JPG|180p … [[Image:Fluorescence-Sensor Green.JPG|180px|right]]'''Fluorescence-Sensor Green''': excitation LED 525 nm (dominant wavelength), photodiode, [[Filter-Cap]] equipped with [[Filter Set AmR]] for [[Amplex® UltraRed|Amplex UltraRed]] measurements when delivered.[[Amplex® UltraRed|Amplex UltraRed]] measurements when delivered.)
Forceps for membrane application + ([[Image:Forcep for membrane application.jpg|right|180px]]'''Forceps for membrane application''': for [[OroboPOS]] and [[ISE]] membrane application; do not use for tissue preparation.)
Forceps\stainless Steel\angular Tip\fine + ([[Image:Forcep for tissue preparation angular tip.jpg|180px|right]]'''Forceps\stainless Steel\angular Tip\fine''': for [[tissue preparation]], stainless steel. Two pairs are used particularly for muscle fiber separation.)
Forceps\stainless Steel\rounded Tip\sharp + ([[Image:Forcep for tissue preparation roun … [[Image:Forcep for tissue preparation rounded tip.jpg|right|180px]]'''Forceps\stainless Steel\rounded Tip\sharp''': for [[tissue preparation]], stainless steel, antimagnetic. One pair is recommended for placing the tissue sample onto the [[Microbalance 120 g | microbalance]] and for handling in combination with [[Forceps\stainless Steel\straight Tip\sharp]].[[Forceps\stainless Steel\straight Tip\sharp]].)
Forceps\stainless Steel\straight Tip\sharp + ([[Image:Forcep for tissue preparation stra … [[Image:Forcep for tissue preparation straight tip.jpg|right|180px]]'''Forceps\stainless Steel\straight Tip\sharp''': for [[tissue preparation]], stainless steel, antimagnetic. One pair is recommended for insertion of the sample into the [[O2k-chamber]] and for handling in combination with [[Forceps\stainless Steel\rounded Tip\sharp]].[[Forceps\stainless Steel\rounded Tip\sharp]].)
O2k-Fuse Power Plug\M2.5 A\5x20 mm + ([[Image:Fuses mains.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2 … [[Image:Fuses mains.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2k-Fuse Power Plug\M2.5 A\5x20 mm''': This item is a standard component of the [[O2k-Assembly Kit]] ([[O2k-FluoRespirometer]]), mounted on the socket for the [[O2k-Main Power Cable]], at the rear panel of the [[O2k-Main Unit]].[[O2k-Main Unit]].)
Syringe\60 mL\Gas-Injection + ([[Image:Gas injection syringe.jpg|right|180px]]'''Syringe\60 mL\Gas-Injection''', 60 mL, with spacer and stainless steel needle, flat tip, for gas injection into the [[O2k-chamber]].)
Syringe\10 mL\Gas-Injection + ([[Image:Gas injection syringe.jpg|right|180px]]'''Syringe\10 mL\Gas-Injection''', 10 mL, with spacer and stainless steel needle, flat tip, for gas injection into the [[O2k-chamber]]. 2 syringes are supplied with [[Oxia]].)
Stopper-Spacer + ([[Image:Gas spacer for Stopper.jpg|right|1 … [[Image:Gas spacer for Stopper.jpg|right|180px]]'''Stopper-Spacer''' (or '''gas spacer''') to set the O2k-Stopper into a standard position for a fixed gas phase above the aqueous phase in the 2-mL [[O2k-chamber]], during air calibration or for injection of nitrogen, argon or oxygen into the gas phase; Stopper-Spacer thickness of 4mm (a deviation of +/- 10% possible). of 4mm (a deviation of +/- 10% possible).)
Microsyringe\10 mm3 51/0.13 mm + ([[Image:Hamilton Syringes for Manual Titration.jpg|right|180px]]Hamilton '''Microsyringe\10 mm3 51/0.13 mm''' for manual titrations, 10 mm3 volume; fixed injection needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.13 mm inner diameter.)
ISE-Membrane Mounting Tool + ([[Image:ISA-Membrane Mounting Tool.JPG|180px|right]]'''ISE-Membrane Mounting Tool''' for [[Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+]]. [[O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module]]: mounting tool included.)
ISE Package 1 TPP or Ca + ([[Image:ISE Package 1 TPP or Ca.JPG|180px|right]] '''O2k-TPP+ and Ca2+ ISE\1 Chamber''': [[ISE]]-Package for 1 TPP+ and Ca2+ electrode.)
ISE-Compressible Tube + ([[Image:ISE-Compressible_Tube.JPG|180px|right]]'''ISE-Compressible Tube''' for [[Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+]].)
ISE-Filling Syringe + ([[Image:ISE-Filling Syringe.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISE-Filling Syringe''' with needle for [[Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+]].)