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List of results

LEAK state without adenylates + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] In t … [[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] In the '''LEAK state without adenylates''' mitochondrial LEAK respiration, ''L''(n) (n for no adenylates), is measured after addition of substrates, which decreases slowly to the [[LEAK state]] after oxidation of endogenous substrates with no [[adenylates]]. ''L''(n) is distinguished from ''L''(T) and ''L''(Omy).istinguished from ''L''(T) and ''L''(Omy).)
LEAK state with ATP + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The … [[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The '''LEAK state with ATP''' is obtained in mt-preparations without ATPase activity after ADP is maximally phosphorylated to ATP ([[State 4]]; Chance and Williams 1955) or after addition of high ATP in the absence of ADP ([[Gnaiger 2000 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |Gnaiger et al 2000]]). Respiration in the LEAK state with ATP, ''L''(T), is distinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(Omy).istinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(Omy).)
LEAK state with oligomycin + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The … [[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The '''LEAK state with oligomycin''' is a [[LEAK state]] induced by inhibition of ATP synthase by [[oligomycin]]. ADP and ATP may or may not be present. LEAK respiration with oligomycin, ''L''(Omy), is distinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(T). distinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(T).)
LEAK respiration + ([[File:L.jpg]] '''EAK respiration''' or LE … [[File:L.jpg]] '''EAK respiration''' or LEAK oxygen flux ''L'' compensating for [[proton leak]], [[proton slip]], cation cycling and [[electron leak]], is a dissipative component of respiration which is not available for performing biochemical work and thus related to heat production. LEAK respiration is measured in the LEAK state, in the presence of reducing substrate(s), but absence of ADP - abbreviated as ''L''(n) (theoretically, absence of inorganic phosphate presents an alternative), or after enzymatic inhibition of the [[phosphorylation system]], which can be reached with the use of [[oligomycin]] - abbreviated as ''L''(Omy). The '''LEAK state''' is the non-phosphorylating resting state of intrinsic [[Uncoupler|uncoupled]] or [[Dyscoupled respiration|dyscoupled respiration]] when oxygen flux is maintained mainly to compensate for the proton leak at a high chemiosmotic potential, when ATP synthase is not active. In this non-phosphorylating resting state, the electrochemical proton gradient is increased to a maximum, exerting feedback control by depressing oxygen flux to a level determined mainly by the proton leak and the H+/O2 ratio. In this state of maximum protonmotive force, LEAK respiration, ''L'', is higher than the LEAK component of [[OXPHOS capacity]], ''P''. The conditions for measurement and expression of respiration vary ([[oxygen flux]] in the LEAK state, ''J''O2''L'', or [[oxygen flow]], ''I''O2''L''). If these conditions are defined and remain consistent within a given context, then the simple symbol ''L'' for respiratory rate can be used as a substitute for the more explicit expression for respiratory activity.» [[LEAK respiration#LEAK respiration: concept-linked terminology of respiratory states |'''MiPNet article''']][LEAK respiration#LEAK respiration: concept-linked terminology of respiratory states |'''MiPNet article''']])
Malate-anaplerotic pathway control state + ([[File:M.jpg|left|200px|M]] '''M''': [[Mal … [[File:M.jpg|left|200px|M]] '''M''': [[Malate]] alone does not support respiration of mt-preparations if [[oxaloacetate]] cannot be metabolized further in the absence of a source of acetyl-CoA. Transport of oxaloacetate across the inner mt-membrane is restricted particularly in liver. Mitochondrial citrate and 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) are depleted by antiport with malate. [[Succinate]] is lost from the mitochondria through the dicarboxylate carrier. OXPHOS capacity with malate alone is only 1.3% of that with [[PM |Pyruvate&Malate]] in isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. However, many mammalian and non-mammalian mitochondria have a mt-isoform of NADP+- or NAD(P)<big>+</big>-dependent [[malic enzyme]] (mtME), the latter being particularly active in proliferating cells. Then the [[anaplerotic pathway control state]] with malate alone (aN) supports high respiratory activities comparable to the NADH-linked pathway control states (N) with pyruvate&malate or glutamate&malate substrate combinations ([[PM-pathway control state]], [[GM-pathway control state]]).[GM-pathway control state]]).)
PM-pathway control state + ([[File:M.jpg|left|200px|PM]] '''PM''': [[P … [[File:M.jpg|left|200px|PM]] '''PM''': [[Pyruvate]] & [[Malate]].'''MitoPathway control state:''' [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state]]Upstream of the NAD-junction, [[Pyruvate]] (P) is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA and CO2, yielding [[NADH]] catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase. [[Malate]] (M) is oxidized to oxaloacetate by mt-malate dehydrogenase located in the mitochondrial matrix. Condensation of oxaloacate with acetyl-CoA yields citrate (citrate synthase). 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) is formed from isocitrate (isocitrate dehydrogenase).ate) is formed from isocitrate (isocitrate dehydrogenase).)
MITOEAGLE in MitoGlobal + ([[File:MITOEAGLE-representation.jpg|150px|left]] The objective of the '''MitoEAGLE''' network is to improve our knowledge on mitochondrial function in health and disease related to Evolution, Age, Gender, Lifestyle and Environment.)
MitoKit-CII + ([[File:MITOKIT-CII.jpg|right|180px]]'''Cel … [[File:MITOKIT-CII.jpg|right|180px]]'''Cell permeable prodrugs''', composed of [[MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv]] and [[MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv]], stimulates (Snv) or inhibits (Mnanv) mitochondrial respiration in CI-deficient human blood cells, fibroblasts and heart fibres, acting on Complex II of the electron transfer system.omplex II of the electron transfer system.)
Rare New England + ([[File:MNE.jpg|left|110px|MNE]] MNE has tr … [[File:MNE.jpg|left|110px|MNE]]MNE has transitioned into RNE (Rare New England). Rare New England is an organization providing access to support groups, gatherings, events and resources for those affected by Rare Disease and living in the New England area.isease and living in the New England area.)
Mitochondria Research Society + ([[File:MRS LOGO.JPG|250px|left]] The '''Mi … [[File:MRS LOGO.JPG|250px|left]]The '''Mitochondria Research Society''' (MRS) is a nonprofit international organization of scientists and physicians. The purpose of MRS is to find a cure for mitochondrial diseases by promoting research on basic science of mitochondria, mitochondrial pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment through out the world.nosis and treatment through out the world.)
Malate + ([[File:Malic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Malic aci … [[File:Malic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Malic acid]]'''Malic acid''', C4H6O5, occurs under physiological conditions as the anion '''malate2-, M''', with p''K''a1 = 3.40 and p''K''a2 = 5.20. L-Malate is formed from fumarate in the [[TCA cycle]] in the mitochondrial matrix, where it is the substrate of [[malate dehydrogenase]] oxidized to [[oxaloacetate]]. Malate is also formed in the cytosol. It cannot permeate through the lipid bilayer of membranes and hence requires a carrier ([[dicarboxylate carrier]], [[tricarboxylate carrier]] and 2-oxoglutarate carrier). Malate alone cannot support respiration of [[Mitochondrial preparations|mt-preparations]] from most tissues, since oxaloacetate accumulates in the absence of [[pyruvate]] or [[glutamate]].Malate is a [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state |type N substrate]] (N) required for the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state| FAO-pathway]]. In the presence of [[Malate-anaplerotic pathway control state|anaplerotic pathways]] (''e.g.'', [[Malic enzyme|mitochondrial malic enzyme, mtME]]) the capacity of the FAO-pathway can be overestimated due to a contribution of NADH-linked respiration, F(N) (see [[SUIT-002]]).[[SUIT-002]]).)
Mitochondrial European Education Training + ([[File:Meet.jpg|200px|left]] The '''Mitoch … [[File:Meet.jpg|200px|left]] The '''Mitochondrial European Education Training''' (MEET)MEET is a project started on January 2013. MEET network is composed by a multi-partner project that intends to mobilize the critical mass of expertise, by linking partners from 8 different countries, among which 8 world-leading basic science and clinical centers of excellence, an 1 SME with direct interest in mitochondrial medicine and 3 associated partners that provide for all trainees no-scientific training. MEET is training 11 ESRs and 3 ERs coming from all over the world supervised in their research by 15 mentors and by their collaborators. MEET combine the efforts of leading clinicians with those of more basic oriented groups and will have important implications for the comprehension and treatment of mitochondria-related pathologies.tment of mitochondria-related pathologies.)
MiPMap + ([[File:MiPMap Publication.jpg|left|240px|M … [[File:MiPMap Publication.jpg|left|240px|MiPMap]]The project '''Mitochondrial Physiology Map''' (MiPMap) is initiated to provide an overview of mitochondrial properties in cell types, tissues and species. As part of Bioblast, '''MiPMap''' may be considered as an ''information synthase'' for '''Comparative Mitochondrial Physiology'''. Establishing a comprehensive database will require global input and cooperation.''A comparative database of mitochondrial physiology may provide the key for understanding the functional implications of mitochondrial diversity from mouse to man, and evaluation of altered mitochondrial respiratory control patterns in health and disease'' ([[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]).[[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]).)
MiR05-Kit + ([[File:MiR05-Kit.jpg|right|180px]] Mitochondrial Respiration Medium - MiR05-Kit, 1 vial; for a final volume of 250 mL)
MitoCanada Foundation + ([[File:Mito Canada logo tag web2.png|200px … [[File:Mito Canada logo tag web2.png|200px|left|MitoCanada]]The '''MitoCanada Foundation'''.The MitoCanada Foundation is Canada’s only not-for-profit organization focused on mitochondrial disease. Since its founding in 2010, MitoCanada has dedicated over $1 million to fund the work of leading Canadian scientists and to support national awareness and support programs.The MitoCanada Foundation is committed to ensuring that those who live with mitochondrial disease are able to enjoy the best possible quality of life until there is a cure.ble quality of life until there is a cure.)
Mitochondrial Research Guild + ([[File:Mito-Reseach-Guild.JPG|200px|left]] … [[File:Mito-Reseach-Guild.JPG|200px|left]]'''The Mitochondrial Research Guild''' is a special interest guild of Seattle Children's Hospital. The guild was founded by a group of families in the Seattle area that are working together to raise awareness, promote research, and improve the quality of medical care that is available to children that are dealing with the devastating and potentially life threatening effects of mitochondrial disease.eatening effects of mitochondrial disease.)
European Bioenergetics Conference + ([[File:Mito-and-Chlora EBEC.png|270px]] '''EBEC''' is a group based in Europe that organizes the '''European Bioenergetics Conference'''.)
MitoAction + ([[File:MitoAction.JPG|230px]]The mission of '''MitoAction''' is to improve quality of life for all who are affected by mitochondrial disorders through support, education and advocacy initiatives.)
MitoFit Preprints + ([[File:MitoFit Preprints.png|left|200px|link=MitoFit Preprints]] '''MitoFit Preprints''' is an Open Access preprint server for mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics.)
Mitochondrial Medicine Society + ([[File:Mitochondrial Medicine Society.jpg| … [[File:Mitochondrial Medicine Society.jpg|200px|left]]The '''Mitochondrial Medicine Society''' (MMS) was founded in 2000 and represents an international group of physicians, researchers and clinicians working towards the better diagnosis, management, and treatment of mitochondrial diseases., and treatment of mitochondrial diseases.)
Motic Microscope + ([[File:Motic Microscope.jpg|right|180px]]' … [[File:Motic Microscope.jpg|right|180px]]'''Motic Microscope SMZ-171 TLED''': for preparation of permeabilized fibres; compact and light stereo microscope, Greenough optical system, switching power supply for use worldwide (100-240V); including auxiliary ESD objective 2.0X(38.6mm).ding auxiliary ESD objective 2.0X(38.6mm).)
Motive entity + ([[File:Motive entities.png|right|300px|Fro … [[File:Motive entities.png|right|300px|From [[Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]]]].A '''motive entity''' ''X''tr is an entity involved in a transformation including spacial transfer. Motive entities (transformants) are expressed in different [[motive unit]]s [MU] depending on the energy transformation under study and the chosen [[format]]. [[Flow]]s are defined as advancement in terms of stoichiometric motive entities per time. Isomorphic [[force]]s are partial derivatives of Gibbs energy per advancement. Ions carrying a positive charge (cations) or negative charge (anions) may be considered as a paradigm of motive entities, since Faraday did not coin but introduced the term 'ion', which is old Greek for 'going' — advancing to the cathode or anode and thus generating an electric [[current]].current]].)
SUIT-033 NADH mt D081 + ([[File:Mt;1D.1;2PGM;3D2.5;4Anox;5Myx;6Reox.png|400px]])
SUIT-033 O2 mt D110 + ([[File:Mt;1D.1;2PGM;3D2.5;4Myx.png|400 px]])
SUIT-034 NADH mt D082 + ([[File:Mt;1D.1;2PGM;3D2.5;4U;5Anox;6Myx;7Reox.png|400px]])

SUIT-034 O2 mt D111 + ([[File:Mt;1D.1;2PGM;3D2.5;4U;5Myx.png|400px]])

SUIT-032 O2 mt D109 + ([[File:Mt;1PGM;2D;3Myx.png|300 px]])
SUIT-001 O2 mt D001 + ([[File:Mt;1PM;2D;2c;3U;4G;5S;6Oct;7Rot;8Gp;9Ama;10AsTm;11Azd .png|400px|SUIT-RP1]])
SUIT-031 Q mt D072 + ([[File:Mt;1Q2;1PM;2D;3S;4Rot;5U;6Anox;7Ama.png|400px]])
The North American Mitochondrial Disease Consortium + ([[File:NAMDC.JPG|200px|left]] '''The North … [[File:NAMDC.JPG|200px|left]]'''The North American Mitochondrial Disease Consortium (NAMDC)''' was established to create a network of all clinicians and clinical investigators in North America (US and Canada, with the hope of including Mexico in the future) who follow sizeable numbers of patients with mitochondrial diseases and are involved or interested in mitochondrial research. The NAMDC has created a clinical registry for patients, in the hopes of standardizing diagnostic criteria, collecting important standardized information on patients, and facilitating the participation of patients in research on mitochondrial diseases.For the study of any rare disease, the collection of specimens is a major challenge. The '''NAMDC''' is establishing a repository for specimens and DNA from patients with mitochondrial diseases, in order to make materials easily available to consortium researchers.Finally, the '''NAMDC''' will conduct clinical trials and other kinds of research. The consortium makes biostatisticians, data management experts, and specialists in clinical research available to participating physicians, so that experiments conducted through the NAMDC can make the most efficient and innovative use of the generous participation of patients.of the generous participation of patients.)
Neurocon + ([[File:Neurocon LOGO.JPG|200px|left]] '''Neurocon''' is an Indian society organizing international conferences on neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.)
Oroboros O2k-technology + ([[File:NextGen-O2k All-in-one 2023.jpg|300 … [[File:NextGen-O2k All-in-one 2023.jpg|300px|right|NextGen-O2k all-in-one]]The '''Oroboros O2k-technology''' provides modular systems for [[high-resolution respirometry]] (HRR) for mitochondria and cell research. Oroboros delivers the O2k-technology for high-resolution respirometry in mitochondria and cell research. The O2k-tecnology allows the measurement of respiration at controlled oxygen levels, combined with redox biology (NADH and CoQ), ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production, Ca2+, or pH. HRR expands to HRPB: High-Resolution PhotoBiology. Small amounts of biological samples can be used for bioenergetic and OXPHOS analysis, ranging from isolated mitochondria, permeabilized tissues and permeabilized cells to living cells and tissues slices. The modular O2k-concept is supported by [[DatLab |DatLab]], with high flexibility for extension by add-on [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product-category/products/o2k-modules/ O2k-Modules]. All O2k-Modules are supported by the [[NextGen-O2k]]. The [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/q-module/ O2k-Q-Module] and the [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/nadh-module/ O2k-NADH-Module] are exclusively supported by the NextGen-O2k, whereas the O2k (Series-J) provides the basis for all other HRR application but cannot be upgraded to the [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/nextgen-o2k-redox/ NextGen-O2k Redox]. The globally tested and trusted high-resolution O2k-technology prioritizes both quality and scientific research output in the field of mitochondrial physiology and pathology, extended to PhotoBiology.al physiology and pathology, extended to PhotoBiology.)
O-ring\Viton\12.5x1 mm + ([[File:O-ringViton12.5x1 mm.jpg|right|180px]]'''O-ring\[[Viton]]\12.5x1 mm''', for PVDF or PEEK O2k-Stoppers (2-mL O2k-Chamber), box of 8 as spares.)
Superoxide + ([[File:O2-.jpg|left|60px|Superoxide anion] … [[File:O2-.jpg|left|60px|Superoxide anion]]'''Superoxide anion''', O2•-, is a free radical formed in a one-electron reduction of molecular [[oxygen]] (red bullet in the figure), yielding a negatively charged molecule with a single unpaired electron (blue bullet on the left). It is highly reactive with organic compounds, and its intracellular concentration is kept under control by [[superoxide dismutase]].superoxide dismutase]].)
Oxygen + ([[File:O2.jpg|left|60px|Dioxygen]] '''Mole … [[File:O2.jpg|left|60px|Dioxygen]]'''Molecular oxygen''', O2 or '''dioxygen''', has two atoms of oxygen, O, which is the chemical element with atomic number 8. The relative molecular mass of O2, ''M''r,O2, is 32 (or 31.9988). The element O has 8 protons, 8 neutrons and 8 electrons. In the figure, the two electrons in the first electron shell are not shown. Of the six electrons in the outer shell (blue bullets), one electron from each of the two atoms is shared in O2 forming the covalent bond, and one electron in each atom is unpaired.sub>2 forming the covalent bond, and one electron in each atom is unpaired.)
O2k-chamber + ([[File:O2k-Chamber.jpg|right|180px]] '''O2 … [[File:O2k-Chamber.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2k-Chamber''': Duran® glass polished, with standard operation volumes (''V'') of 2.0 mL or 0.5 mL (small chamber volume in the [[O2k-sV-Module]], 12 mm inner diameter). The optical properties of Duran® allow application of fluorometric sensors ([http://www.duran-group.com/en/about-duran/duran-properties/optical-properties-of-duran.html Duran® optical properties]).f-duran.html Duran® optical properties]).)
Open Science + ([[File:Open Access logo.png |20px |left]] … [[File:Open Access logo.png |20px |left]] Building on the essential principles of academic freedom, research integrity and scientific excellence, '''open science''' sets a new paradigm that integrates into the scientific enterprise practices for reproducibility, transparency, sharing and collaboration resulting from the increased opening of scientific contents, tools and processes. Open science is defined as an inclusive construct that combines various movements and practices aiming to make multilingual scientific knowledge openly available, accessible and reusable for everyone, to increase scientific collaborations and sharing of information for the benefits of science and society, and to open the processes of scientific knowledge creation, evaluation and communication to societal actors beyond the traditional scientific community. It comprises all scientific disciplines and aspects of scholarly practices, including basic and applied sciences, natural and social sciences and the humanities, and it builds on the following key pillars: open scientific knowledge, open science infrastructures, science communication, open engagement of societal actors and open dialogue with other knowledge systems.pen dialogue with other knowledge systems.)
Open Access + ([[File:Open Access logo.png |20px |left]] … [[File:Open Access logo.png |20px |left]] '''Open Access''' (OA) academic articles comprise all different forms of published research that are distributed online, free of charge and with an open license to facilitate the distribution and reuse. The open access repositories serve as the perfect vehicle to transmit free knowledge, including but not limited to peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed academic journal articles, conference papers, theses, book chapters and monographs. Driven by the problems of social inequality caused by restricting access to academic research, the Open Access movement changes the funding system of published literature allowing for more readers and thus increased access to scientific knowledge, as well as addressing the economic challenges and unsustainability of academic publishing. In addition to being free to read (''gratis''), open access articles may also be free to use (''libre'') where the copyright is held by the authors and not the publisher.Definition by the [[Directory of Open Access Journals]] (DOAJ): "We define these as journals where the copyright holder of a scholarly work grants usage rights to others using an open license (Creative Commons or equivalent) allowing for immediate free access to the work and permitting any user to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose."or use them for any other lawful purpose.")
O2k-USB Flash Drive + ([[File:Oroboros-USB-flash-drive.JPG|right|120px]] The '''O2k-USB Flash Drive''' is a component of the [[Oroboros O2k]] containing: [[DatLab]], O2k-Manual, O2k-Protocols, O2k-Publications, and info on O2k-Workshops.)
Oxaloacetate + ([[File:Oxaloacetic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Oxa … [[File:Oxaloacetic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Oxaloacetic acid]]'''Oxaloacetic acid''', C4H4O5, occurs under physiological conditions as the anion '''oxaloacetate2-, Oa'''. Oxaloacetate is formed from malate by [[Malate dehydrogenase|MDH]]. Oa reacts with acetyl-CoA through [[citrate synthase]] to form citrate, or with [[glutamate]] through transaminase to form [[oxoglutarate]] and aspartate. Oa transport is restricted across the inner [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membrane of various tissues. Oa is a potent inhibitor of [[succinate dehydrogenase]].[[succinate dehydrogenase]].)
Normoxia + ([[File:Oxia terms.png|right|300px|link=htt … [[File:Oxia terms.png|right|300px|link=https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/oxia/|Oxia]]'''Normoxia''' is a reference state, frequently considered as air-level oxygen pressure at sea level (c. 20 kPa in water vapor saturated air) as environmental normoxia. Intracellular tissue normoxia is variable between organisms and tissues, and intracellular oxygen pressure is frequently well below air-level ''p''O2 as a result of cellular (mainly mitochondrial) oxygen consumption and oxygen gradients along the respiratory cascade. Oxygen pressure drops from ambient normoxia of 20 kPa to alveolar normoxia of 13 kPa, while extracellular normoxia may be as low as 1 to 5 kPa in solid organs such as heart, brain, kidney and liver. Pericellular ''p''O2 of cells growing in monolayer cell cultures may be [[hypoxic]] compared to tissue normoxia when grown in ambient normoxia (95 % air and 5 % CO2) and a high layer of culture medium causing oxygen diffusion limitation at high respiratory activity, but pericellular ''p''O2 may be effectively [[hyperoxic]] in cells with low respiratory rate with a thin layer of culture medium (<2 mm). Intracellular oxygen levels in well-stirred suspended small cells (5 - 7 mm diameter; endothelial cells, fibroblasts) are close to ambient ''p''O2 of the incubation medium, such that matching the experimental intracellular ''p''O2 to the level of intracellular tissue normoxia requires lowering the ambient ''p''O2 of the medium to avoid hyperoxia.O2 to the level of intracellular tissue normoxia requires lowering the ambient ''p''O2 of the medium to avoid hyperoxia.)
Oxidative phosphorylation + ([[File:P.jpg |link=OXPHOS capacity]] '''Ox … [[File:P.jpg |link=OXPHOS capacity]] '''Oxidative phosphorylation''' (OXPHOS) is the oxidation of reduced fuel substrates by electron transfer to oxygen, chemiosmotically coupled to the phosphorylation of [[ADP]] to [[ATP]] (P») and accompanied by an intrinsically uncoupled component of respiration. The OXPHOS state of respiration provides a measure of [[OXPHOS capacity]] (''P''), which is frequently corrected for [[residual oxygen consumption]] (ROX).[residual oxygen consumption]] (ROX).)
State 3 + ([[File:P.jpg |link=OXPHOS capacity]] '''St … [[File:P.jpg |link=OXPHOS capacity]] '''State 3''' respiration is the ADP stimulated respiration of isolated coupled mitochondria in the presence of high ADP and Pi concentrations, supported by a defined substrate or substrate combination at saturating oxygen levels [[Chance_1955_JBC-III|(Chance and Williams, 1955]]). State 3 respiration can also be induced in [[Permeabilized tissue or cells|permeabilized cells]], including permeabilized tissue preparations and tissue homogenates. ADP concentrations applied in State 3 are not necessarily saturating, whereas [[OXPHOS capacity]] is measured at saturating concentrations of ADP and Pi (OXPHOS state). For instance, non-saturating ADP concentrations are applied in State 3 in pulse titrations to determine the [[P/O ratio]] in State 3→4 (D→T) transitions, when saturating ADP concentrations would deplete the oxygen concentration in the closed oxygraph chamber before [[State 4]] is obtained ([[Gnaiger 2000 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A|Gnaiger et al 2000]]; [[Puchowicz_2004_Mitochondrion|Puchowicz et al 2004]]). Respiration in the OXPHOS state or in State 3 is well [[coupled respiration|coupled]], and partially [[uncoupled respiration|uncoupled]] (physiological) or partially [[dyscoupled respiration|dyscoupled]] (pathological). A high [[mt-membrane potential]] provides the driving force for oxidative phosphorylation, to phosphorylate ADP to ATP and to transport ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane (mtIM) through the [[adenine nucleotide translocase]] (ANT). The mt-membrane potential is reduced, however, in comparison to the [[LEAK state]] of respiration, whereas the cytochromes are in a more oxidized redox state.ation, whereas the cytochromes are in a more oxidized redox state.)
OXPHOS capacity + ([[File:P.jpg]] '''OXPHOS capacity''' ''P'' … [[File:P.jpg]] '''OXPHOS capacity''' ''P'' is the respiratory capacity of mitochondria in the ADP-activated state of [[oxidative phosphorylation]], at saturating concentrations of [[ADP]] and inorganic phosphate (which may not be the case in [[State 3]]), oxygen, and defined reduced CHNO-fuel substrates. and defined reduced CHNO-fuel substrates.)
PGM-pathway control state + ([[File:PGM.jpg|left|200px|PGM]] '''PGM''': … [[File:PGM.jpg|left|200px|PGM]] '''PGM''': [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]].'''MitoPathway control state:''' [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state]][[Pyruvate]] (P) is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA and CO2, yielding [[NADH]] catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase. [[Malate]] (M) is oxidized to oxaloacetate by mt-malate dehydrogenase located in the mitochondrial matrix. Condensation of oxaloacate with acetyl-CoA yields citrate (citrate synthase). Glutamate&malate is a substrate combination supporting an N-linked pathway control state, when glutamate is transported into the mt-matrix via the [[glutamate-aspartate carrier]] and reacts with [[oxaloacetate]] in the [[transaminase]] reaction to form [[aspartate]] and [[oxoglutarate]]. Glutamate as the sole substrate is transported by the electroneutral glutamate-/OH- exchanger, and is oxidized in the mitochondrial matrix by [[glutamate dehydrogenase]] to α-ketoglutarate ([[oxoglutarate | 2-oxoglutarate]]), representing the [[glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state]]. 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) is formed from isocitrate (isocitrate dehydrogenase, from oxaloacetate and glutamate by the transaminase, and from glutamate by the glutamate dehydrogenase.tate and glutamate by the transaminase, and from glutamate by the glutamate dehydrogenase.)
PGMS-pathway control state + ([[File:PGMS.png|left|200px|PGMS]] '''PGMS' … [[File:PGMS.png|left|200px|PGMS]] '''PGMS''': [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]].'''MitoPathway control state:''' [[NS|NS-pathway control state]]2-oxoglutarate is produced through the citric acid cycle from citrate by isocitrate dehydrogenase, from oxaloacetate and glutamate by the transaminase, and from glutamate by the glutamate dehydrogenase. If the 2-oxoglutarate carrier does not outcompete these sources of 2-oxoglutarate, then the TCA cycle operates in full circle with external pyruvate&malate&glutamate&succinatercle with external pyruvate&malate&glutamate&succinate)
O2k-pH ISE-Module + ([[File:PH new.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2k-pH ISE-Module''': two pH electrodes and reference electrodes and accessories)
PMS-pathway control state + ([[File:PMS.jpg|left|200px|PMS]]'''PMS''': … [[File:PMS.jpg|left|200px|PMS]]'''PMS''': [[Pyruvate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]].'''MitoPathway control:''' CI&II[[Pyruvate]] (P) is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA and CO2, yielding [[NADH]] catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase. [[Malate]] (M) is oxidized to oxaloacetate by mt-malate dehydrogenase located in the mitochondrial matrix. Condensation of oxaloacate with acetyl-CoA yields citrate (citrate synthase). This documents an additive effect of convergent CI&II electron flow to the Q-junction, with consistent results obtained with permeabilized muscle fibres and isolated mitochondria (Gnaiger 2009). permeabilized muscle fibres and isolated mitochondria (Gnaiger 2009).)
O-ring\Viton\8x1 mm + ([[File:POS O-ring for sensor head or POS mounting tool.jpg|right|180px]]'''O-ring\Viton\8x1 mm''': for [[OroboPOS]] sensor head. Replaces the O-ring\Viton\9x1 mm)
O-ring\Viton\6x1 mm + ([[File:POS O-ring for sensor head or POS mounting tool.jpg|right|180px]]'''O-ring\Viton\6x1 mm''' for [[POS-Mounting Tool]].)
POS-Membrane Ring + ([[File:POS membrane holder ring.jpg|right|180px|link=]]'''POS-Membrane Ring''', [[PEEK]], holds the membrane against the inner O-ring on the POS housing.)