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List of results

• Enthalpy  + ('''Enthalpy''', ''H'' [J], can under condi … '''Enthalpy''', ''H'' [J], can under conditions of constant gas pressure neither be destroyed nor created (first law of thermodynamics: d_i''H''/d''t'' = 0). The distinction between enthalpy and [[internal-energy]] of a system is due to external pressure-volume [[work]] carried out reversibly at constant gas pressure. The enthalpy change of the system, d''H'', at constant pressure, is the internal-energy change, d''U'', minus reversible pressure-volume work,</br> d''H'' = d''U'' - d_''V''''W''</br>Pressure-volume work, d_''V''''W'', at constant pressure, is the gas pressure, ''p'' [Pa = J·m^-3], times change of volume, d''V'' [m³],</br> d_''V''''W'' = -''p''·d''V'' [J]</br>The ''available'' work, d_e''W'', is distinguished from external total work, d_et''W'', [1]</br> d_e''W'' = d_et''W'' - d_''V''''W''</br>The change of enthalpy of a system is due to internal and external changes,</br> d''H'' = d_i''H'' + d_e''H''</br>Since d_i''H'' = 0 (first law of thermodynamics), the d''H'' is balanced by exchange of heat, work, and matter, </br> d''H'' = (d_e''Q'' + d_e''W'') + d_mat''H'' ; d''p'' = 0 </br>The exchange of matter is expressed in enthalpy equivalents with respect to a [[reference state]] (formation, f, or combustion, c). The value of d''H'' in an open system, therefore, depends on the arbitrary choice of the reference state. In contrast, the terms in parentheses are the sum of all (total, t) partial energy transformations,</br> d_t''H'' = (d_e''Q'' + d_e''W'')</br>A partial enthalpy change of transformation, d_tr''H'', is distinguished from the total enthalpy change of all transformations, d_t''H'', and from the enthalpy change of the system, d''H''. In a closed system, d''H'' = d_t''H''. The enthalpy change of transformation is the sum of the [[Gibbs energy]] (free energy) change of transformation, d_tr''G'', and the [[bound energy]] change of transformation at constant temperature and pressure, d_tr''B'' = ''T''·d''S'',</br> d_tr''H'' = d_tr''G'' + d_tr''B''bound energy]] change of transformation at constant temperature and pressure, d_tr''B'' = ''T''·d''S'', d_tr''H'' = d_tr''G'' + d_tr''B'')
• Ethics on publishing  + ('''Ethics on publishing''' follow [https:/ … '''Ethics on publishing''' follow [https://publicationethics.org/core-practices COPE's guidelines] (or equivalent). A journal's policy on publishing ethics should be clearly visible on its website, and should refer to: (1) Journal policies on authorship and contributorship; (2) How the journal will handle complaints and appeals; (3) Journal policies on conflicts of interest / competing interests; (4) Journal policies on data sharing and reproducibility; (5) Journal's policy on ethical oversight; (6) Journal's policy on intellectual property; and (7) Journal's options for post-publication discussions and corrections.t-publication discussions and corrections.)
• Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid  + ('''Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid''' (EGTA) is a chelator for heavy metals, with high affinity for Ca²⁺ but low affinity for Mg²⁺. Sigma E 4378.)
• Etomoxir  + ('''Etomoxir''' (Eto; 2[6(4-chlorophenoxy)h … '''Etomoxir''' (Eto; 2[6(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate) is an irreversible inhibitor of [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]] (CPT-I) on the outer face of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Eto inhibits [[fatty acid oxidation]] by blocking the formation of acyl carnitines from long-chain fatty acids which require the carnitine shuttle for transport into mitochondria. In contrast to long-chain fatty acids, the transport of short- and medium-chain fatty acids is carnitine-independent.hain fatty acids is carnitine-independent.)
• Exergonic  + ('''Exergonic''' transformations or process … '''Exergonic''' transformations or processes can spontaneously proceed in the forward direction, entailing the irreversible loss of the potential to performe [[work]] (''erg'') with the implication of a positive internal [[entropy production]]. [[Ergodynamic equilibrium]] is obtained when an exergonic (partial) process is compensated by a coupled [[endergonic]] (partial) process, such that the Gibbs energy change of the total transformation is zero. Final [[thermodynamic equilibrium]] is reached when all exergonic processes are exhausted and all [[force]]s are zero. The backward direction of an exergonic process is endergonic. The distinction between exergonic and [[exothermic]] processes is at the heart of [[ergodynamics]], emphasising the concept of [[exergy]] changes, linked to the performance of [[work]], in contrast to [[enthalpy]] changes, linked to [[heat]] or thermal processes, the latter expression being terminologically linked to ''thermo''dynamics.inologically linked to ''thermo''dynamics.)
• Exergy  + ('''Exergy''' includes external and interna … '''Exergy''' includes external and internal [[work]]. Exergy as the external work is defined in the First Law of thermodynamics as a specific form of [[energy]]. Exergy as the dissipated Gibbs or Helmholtz energy is the irreversibly dissipated (internal) loss of the potential of performing work as defined in the Second Law of Thermodynamics. </br></br>Changes of exergy d''G'' plus [[bound energy]] yield the [[enthalpy]] change:</br></br> d''H'' = d''G'' + ''T''∙d''S'' = d''G'' + d''B'' = d''G'' + ''T''∙d''S'' = d''G'' + d''B'')
• Experimental log - DatLab  + ('''Experimental log''' provides an automat … '''Experimental log''' provides an automatically generated experimental protocol with detailed information about the O2k settings and calibrations, the [[Sample - DatLab|Sample]] information and various [[Events - DatLab |Events]]. Time-dependent information can be viewed for a single chamber or both chambers. The filter can be selected for viewing minimum information, intermittent by default, or all information. The experimental log can be viewed and saved as a PDF file by clicking on [Preview].ed as a PDF file by clicking on [Preview].)
• Export as CSV - DatLab  + ('''Export as CSV''' (*.csv) exports plots and events to a text file for further use in Excel and other programs.)
• Extensive quantity  + ('''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a to … '''Extensive quantities''' pertain to a total system, e.g. [[oxygen flow]]. An extensive quantity increases proportional with system size. The magnitude of an extensive quantity is completely additive for non-interacting subsystems, such as mass or flow expressed per defined system. The magnitude of these quantities depends on the extent or size of the system ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).[[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]).)
• External flow  + ('''External flows''' across the system boundaries are formally reversible. Their irreversible facet is accounted for internally as transformations in a heterogenous system ([[internal flow]]s, ''I''_i).)
• Extinction  + ('''Extinction''' is a synonym for [[absorbance]].)
• Extrinsic fluorophores  + ('''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules … '''Extrinsic fluorophores''' are molecules labelled with a fluorescent dye (as opposed to intrinsic fluorescence or autofluorescence of molecules which does not require such labelling). They are available for a wide range of parameters including ROS (H₂O₂, [[Amplex red]]) (HOO^-, MitoSOX) , mitochondrial membrane potential ([[Safranin]], JC1, [[TMRM]], [[Rhodamine 123]]), Ca²⁺ ([[Fura2]], Indo 1, [[Calcium Green]]), pH (Fluorescein, HPTS, SNAFL-1), Mg²⁺ ([[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).[[Magnesium Green]]) and redox state (roGFP).)
• F1000Research  + ('''F1000Research''' is an Open Research pu … '''F1000Research''' is an Open Research publishing platform for life scientists, offering immediate publication of articles and other research outputs without editorial bias. All articles benefit from transparent peer review and the inclusion of all source data. It is thus not a preprint server, but posters and slides can be published without author fees. Published posters and slides receive a DOI ([[digital object identifier]]) and become citable after a very basic check by our in-house editors. very basic check by our in-house editors.)
• FADH2  + ('''FADH2''' and '''FAD''': see [[Flavin adenine dinucleotide]].)
• FCCP  + ('''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-m … '''FCCP''' (Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenyl hydrazone, C₁₀H₅F₃N₄O) is a protonophore or [[uncoupler]]: added at uncoupler concentration U_''c''; ''c'' is the [[optimum uncoupler concentration]] in titrations to obtain maximum mitochondrial respiration in the [[noncoupled respiration|noncoupled]] state of [[ET capacity]].[[ET capacity]].)
• Fatty acid oxidation  + ('''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step … '''Fatty acid oxidation''' is a multi-step process by which [[fatty acid]]s are broken down in [[β-oxidation]] to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH₂ for further electron transfer to CoQ. Whereas NADH is the substrate of CI, FADH₂ is the substrate of [[electron-transferring flavoprotein complex]] (CETF) which is localized on the matrix face of the mtIM, and supplies electrons from FADH₂ to CoQ. Before the ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acids (short-chain with 1-6, medium-chain with 7–12, long-chain with >12 carbon atoms) are activated by fatty acyl-CoA synthases (thiokinases) in the cytosol. For the mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids the mtOM-enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I]] (CPT-1; considered as a rate-limiting step in FAO) is required which generates an acyl-carnitine intermediate from acyl-CoA and carnitine. In the next step, an integral mtIM protein [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase]] (CACT) catalyzes the entrance of acyl-carnitines into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for free carnitines. In the inner side of the mtIM, another enzyme [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2]] (CPT-2) converts the acyl-carnitines to carnitine and acyl-CoAs, which undergo ß-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids do not require the carnitine shuttle for mitochondrial transport. [[Octanoate]], but not [[palmitate]], (eight- and 16-carbon saturated fatty acids) may pass the mt-membranes, but both are frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[octanoylcarnitine]] or [[palmitoylcarnitine]].mitoylcarnitine]].)
• Fatty acid  + ('''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids wit … '''Fatty acids''' are carboxylic acids with a carbon aliphatic chain. The fatty acids can be divided by the length of this chain, being considered as short-chain (1–6 carbons), medium-chain (7–12 carbons) and long-chain and very long-chain fatty acids (>12 carbons).</br>Long-chain fatty acids must be bound to [[Carnitine|carnitine]] to enter the mitochondrial matrix, in a reaction that can be catalysed by [[Carnitine acyltransferase|carnitine acyltransferase]]. For this reason, long-chain fatty acids, such as [[Palmitate|palmitate]] (16 carbons) is frequently supplied to mt-preparations in the activated form of [[Palmitoylcarnitine|palmitoylcarnitine]].</br>Fatty acids with shorter chains, as [[Octanoate|octanoate]] (8 carbons) may enter the mitochondrial matrix, however, in HRR they are more frequently supplied also in the activated form, such as [[Octanoylcarnitine|octanoylcarnitine]].</br></br>Once in the mitochondrial matrix, the [[Fatty acid oxidation|fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO) occurs, generating acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2. In the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state|fatty acid oxidation pathway control state]] electrons are fed into the [[F-junction]] involving the [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). FAO cannot proceed without a substrate combination of fatty acids & malate, and inhibition of CI blocks FAO. Low concentration of [[malate]], typically 0.1 mM, does not saturate the [[N-pathway]]; but saturates the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].tty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]].)
• Fermentation  + ('''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] … '''Fermentation''' is the process of [[energy metabolism]] used to supply ATP, where redox balance is maintained with internally produced electron acceptors (such as pyruvate or fumarate), without the use of external electron acceptors (such as O₂). Fermentation thus contrasts with [[cell respiration]] and is an [[anaerobic]] process, but aerobic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.ic fermentation may proceed in the presence of oxygen.)
• File search - DatLab  + ('''File search''' yields a list of all fil … '''File search''' yields a list of all files labelled by the experimental code in a selected directory . Click on the file to preview the experimental log. With '''File Search''' you can search in all folders and subfolders on your computer for DatLab files with a selected experimental code. The experimental code is entered in the DatLab file in the window "Experiment" ([F3]). When you click on a folder and press the button search, the DatLab file names will appear on the right window. Click on a DatLab file and further information (e.g. Sample information, Background information) will appear in the window below.ormation) will appear in the window below.)
• Filters  + ('''Filters''' are materials that have wave … '''Filters''' are materials that have wavelength-dependent transmission characteristics. They are can be used to select the wavelength range of the light emerging from a [[light source]], or the range entering the [[detector]], having passed through the sample. In particular they are used in [[fluorometry]] to exclude wavelengths greater than the excitation wavelength from reaching the sample, preventing absorption interfering with the emitted [[fluorescence]]. Standard '''filters''' can also be used for calibrating purposes.can also be used for calibrating purposes.)
• Flavin adenine dinucleotide  + ('''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and … '''Flavin adenine dinucleotide''', FAD and FADH₂, is an oxidation-reduction [[prosthetic group]] (redox cofactor; compare [[NADH]]). FMN and FAD are the prosthetic groups of flavoproteins (flavin dehydrogenases). [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |Type F substrates]] (fatty acids) generate FADH₂, the substrate of [[electron transferring flavoprotein]] (CETF). Thus FADH₂ forms a junction or funnel of electron transfer to CETF, the [[F-junction]] (compare [[N-junction]], [[Q-junction]]), in the [[F-pathway control state]]. In contrast, FADH₂ is not the substrate but the internal product of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (CII). FAD is the oxidized (quinone) form, which is reduced to FADH₂ (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.educed to FADH₂ (hydroquinone form) by accepting two electrons and two protons.)
• Flavonoids  + ('''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive … '''Flavonoids''' are a group of bioactive polyphenols with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, abundant in fruits and vegetables, and in some medicinal herbs. Flavonoids are synthesized in plants from phenylalanine. Dietary intake of flavonoids as nutraceuticals is discussed for targeting T2D and other degenerative diseases.eting T2D and other degenerative diseases.)
• Fluorescence  + ('''Fluorescence''' is the name given to li … '''Fluorescence''' is the name given to light emitted by a substance when it is illuminated (excited) by light at a shorter wavelength. The [[incident light]] causes an electron transition to a higher energy band in the molecules. The electron then spontaneously returns to its original energy state emitting a photon. The intensity of the emitted light is proportional to the concentration of the substance. Fluorescence is one form of [[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.[[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.)
• Fluorometry  + ('''Fluorometry''' (or [[fluorimetry]]) is the general term given to the method of measuring the fluorescent emission of a substance following excitation by light at a shorter wavelength.)
• Flux / Slope  + ('''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative … '''Flux / Slope''' is the time derivative of the signal. In [[DatLab]], Flux / Slope is the name of the pull-down menu for (1) normalization of flux (chamber volume-specific flux, sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios), (2) [[flux baseline correction]], (3) [[Instrumental background oxygen flux]], and (4) [[flux smoothing]], selection of the [[scaling factor]], and stoichiometric normalization using a stoichiometric coefficient.</br>Before changing the normalization of flux from volume-specific flux to sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios, please be sure to use the standard Layout 04a (Flux per volume) or 04b (Flux per volume overlay). When starting with the instrumental standard Layouts 1-3, which display the O2 slope negative, the sample-specific flux or flow, or flux control ratios will not be automatically background corrected. To obtain the background corrected specific flux or flux control ratios, it is needed to tick the background correction in the lower part of the slope configuration window. Background correction is especially critical when performing measurements in a high oxygen regime or using samples with a low respiratory flux or flow.mples with a low respiratory flux or flow.)
• Flux baseline correction  + ('''Flux baseline correction''' provides th … '''Flux baseline correction''' provides the option to display the plot and all values of the [[flux]] (or [[flow]], or [[flux control ratio]]) as the total flux, ''J'', minus a baseline flux, ''J''₀.</br> ''J_V''(bc) = ''J_V'' - ''J_V''₀</br> ''J_V'' = (d''c''/d''t'') · ''ν''^-1 · ''SF'' - ''J°_V''</br>For the oxygen channel, ''J_V'' is O2 flux per volume [pmol/(s·ml)] (or volume-specific O₂ flux), ''c'' is the oxygen concentration [nmol/ml = µmol/l = µM], d''c''/d''t'' is the (positive) slope of oxygen concentration over time [nmol/(s · ml)], ''ν''^-1 = -1 is the stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction of oxygen consumption (oxygen is removed in the chemical reaction, thus the stoichiometric coefficient is negative, expressing oxygen flux as the negative slope), ''SF''=1,000 is the scaling factor (converting units for the amount of oxygen from nmol to pmol), and ''J°_V'' is the volume-specific background oxygen flux ([[Instrumental background oxygen flux]]). ''Further details'': [[Flux / Slope]].lope]].)
• Flux control efficiency  + ('''Flux control efficiencies''' express th … '''Flux control efficiencies''' express the control of respiration by a [[metabolic control variable]], ''X'', as a fractional change of flux from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'', normalized for ''Z_X''. ''Z_X'' is the [[reference state]] with high (stimulated or un-inhibited) flux; ''Y_X'' is the [[background state]] at low flux, upon which ''X'' acts.</br></br>:: ''j_Z-Y'' = (''Z_X-Y_X'')/''Z_X'' = 1-''Y_X''/''Z_X''</br></br>Complementary to the concept of [[flux control ratio]]s and analogous to [[elasticity|elasticities]] of [[metabolic control analysis]], the flux control efficiency of ''X'' upon background ''Y_X'' is expressed as the change of flux from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'' normalized for the reference state ''Z_X''.</br>» [[Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']][Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']])
• Flux control ratio  + ('''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are rat … '''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are ratios of oxygen flux in different respiratory control states, normalized for maximum flux in a common reference state, to obtain theoretical lower and upper limits of 0.0 and 1.0 (0 % and 100 %). </br></br>For a given protocol or set of respiratory protocols, flux control ratios provide a fingerprint of coupling and substrate control independent of (''1'') mt-content in cells or tissues, (''2'') purification in preparations of isolated mitochondria, and (''3'') assay conditions for determination of tissue mass or mt-markers external to a respiratory protocol (CS, protein, stereology, etc.). ''FCR'' obtained from a single respirometric incubation with sequential titrations (sequential protocol; [[SUIT|SUIT protocol]]) provide an internal normalization, expressing respiratory control independent of mitochondrial content and thus independent of a marker for mitochondrial amount. ''FCR'' obtained from separate (parallel) protocols depend on equal distribution of subsamples obtained from a homogenous mt-preparation or determination of a common [[mitochondrial marker]].[[mitochondrial marker]].)
• Flux  + ('''Flux''', ''J'', is a [[specific quantity]] … '''Flux''', ''J'', is a [[specific quantity]]. Flux is [[flow]], ''I'' [MU·s^-1 per system] (an [[extensive quantity]]), divided by system size. Flux (''e.g.'', [[oxygen flux]]) may be volume-specific (flow per volume [MU·s^-1·L^-1]), mass-specific (flow per mass [MU·s^-1·kg^-1]), or marker-specific (e.g. flow per mtEU). The [[motive unit]] [MU] of chemical flow or flux is the advancement of reaction [mol] in the chemical format.ive unit]] [MU] of chemical flow or flux is the advancement of reaction [mol] in the chemical format.)
• Force  + ('''Force''' is an [[intensive quantity]] … '''Force''' is an [[intensive quantity]]. The product of force times [[advancement]] is the [[work]] (exergy) expended in a process or transformation. Force times flow is [[power]] [W].</br># The '''fundamental forces''' '''''F''''' of physics are the gravitational, electroweak (combining electromagnetic and weak nuclear) and strong nuclear forces. These gradient-forces are vectors with spatial direction interacting with the motive particle ''X'', d_'''m''''''''F'''''_''X'' [N ≡ J∙m^-1 = m∙kg∙s^-2]. These forces describe the interaction between particles as [[vector]]s with direction of a [[gradient]] in space, causing a change in the motion ([[acceleration]]) of the particles in the spatial direction of the force. The force acts at a distance, and the distance covered is the advancement. If a force is counteracted by another force of equal magnitude but opposite direction, the accelerating effects of the two forces are balanced such that the velocity of the particle does not change and no work is done beyond the interaction between the two counteracting forces. The total net force is partitioned into ''partial'' forces, and the counteracting force may be called ''resistance''. If the resistance is entirely due to frictional effects, then no work is done and the exergy is completely dissipated.</br># '''Isomorphic forces''' can be derived from (''1'') the fundamental forces or (''2'') statistical distributions if large numbers of particles are involved. The isomorphic forces are known as 'generalized' forces of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. An isomorphic '''motive force''', Δ_tr''F''_''X'', in thermodynamics or ergodynamics is the partial Gibbs (Helmholtz) energy change per advancement of a transformation (tr). </br>## In [[continuous system]]s accessible to the analysis of gradients, the '''motive vector forces''', d_'''m''''''''F'''''_''X'' (units: newton per amount of particles ''X'' [N∙mol^-1] or per coulombs of particles [N∙C^-1]), are vectors interacting with the motive particles ''X''.</br>## In [[discontinuous system]]s that consist of compartments separated by a semipermeable membrane, the '''compartmental motive forces''' are stoichiometric potential differences (∆) across a boundary of zero thickness, distinguished as isomorphic motive forces, ∆_tr''F''_''X'', with compartmental instead of spatial direction of the energy transformation, tr. The motive forces are expressed in various [[motive unit]]s, MU [J∙MU^-1], depending on the energy transformation under study and on the unit chosen to express the motive entity ''X'' and advancement of the process. For the protonmotive force the proton is the motive entity, which can be expressed in a variety of formats with different MU (coulomb, mole, or particle).ntity ''X'' and advancement of the process. For the protonmotive force the proton is the motive entity, which can be expressed in a variety of formats with different MU (coulomb, mole, or particle).)
• Free activity  + ('''Free activity''' ''α<sub>X</su … '''Free activity''' ''α_X'' [MU·m^-3] is [[pressure]] divided by isomorphic [[force]]. In the chemical [[amount]] format, ''α_X'' is expressed in units of concentration of ''X'' [mol·L^-1]. ''α_X'' is the local concentration in a concentration gradient. If the concentration gradient is collapsed to a boundary of zero thickness in a compartmental system, ''α_X'' reflects the singularity in the transition between the two phases or compartments., ''α_X'' reflects the singularity in the transition between the two phases or compartments.)
• Fumarase  + ('''Fumarase''' or fumarate hydratase (FH) is an enzyme of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]] catalyzing the equilibrium reaction between [[fumarate]] and [[malate]]. Fumarase is found not only in mitochondria, but also in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotes.)
• Fura2  + ('''Fura2''' is a ratiometric fluorescence … '''Fura2''' is a ratiometric fluorescence probe for the measurement of calcium. Its derivative Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura2-AM) is membrane permable and can thus be used to measure intracellular free calcium concentration (Grynkiewicz et al., 1985). For this purpose, cells are incubated with Fura2-AM, which crosses the cell membrane by diffusion and is cleaved into free Fura2 and acetoxymethyl groups by cellular esterases. Intracellular free calcium is measured by exciting the dye at 340 nm and 380 nm, which are the excitation optima of calcium-bound and free Fura2, respectively, and emission detection above 500 nm. Through the ratiometric detection unequal distribution of the dye within the cell and other potential disturbances are largely cancelled out, making this a widely used and relatively reliable tool for calcium measurements.ly reliable tool for calcium measurements.)
• Gibbs energy  + ('''Gibbs energy''' ''G'' [J] is [[exergy]] … '''Gibbs energy''' ''G'' [J] is [[exergy]] which cannot be created internally (subscript i), but in contrast to [[internal-energy]] (d_i''U''/d''t'' = 0) is not conserved but is dissipated (d_i''G''/d''t'' < 0) in irreversible energy transformations at constant temperature and (barometric) pressure, ''T'',''p''. Exergy is available as [[work]] in reversible energy transformations (100 % [[efficiency]]), and can be partially conserved when the [[exergonic]] transformation is coupled to an [[endergonic]] transformation.[[endergonic]] transformation.)
• Glucose  + ('''Glucose''', also known as D-glucose or dextrose, is a monosaccharide and an important carbohydrate in biology. Cells use it as the primary source of energy and a metabolic intermediate.)
• Glutamate dehydrogenase  + ('''Glutamate dehydrogenase''', located in … '''Glutamate dehydrogenase''', located in the mitochondrial matrix (mtGDH), is an enzyme that converts [[glutamate]] to α-ketoglutarate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase]. mtGDH is not part of the TCA cycle, but is involved in [[glutaminolysis]] as an [[anaplerosis |anaplerotic reaction]].[anaplerosis |anaplerotic reaction]].)
• Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex  + ('''Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex' … '''Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex''' (CGpDH) is a Complex of the electron transfer-pathway localized at the outer face of the mt-inner membrane. CGpDH is thus distinguished from cytosolic GpDH. CGpDH oxidizes [[glycerophosphate]] to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds two electrons into the [[Q-junction]], thus linked to an [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].[[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].)
• Glycerophosphate  + ('''Glycerophosphate''' (synonym: α-glycero … '''Glycerophosphate''' (synonym: α-glycerophosphate; glycerol-3-phosphate; C₃H₉O₆P) is an organophosphate and it is a component of glycerophospholipids. The mitochondrial [[Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex]] oxidizes glycerophosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds electrons directly to ubiquinone.hate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds electrons directly to ubiquinone.)
• H2DCFDA  + ('''H2DCFDA''' (dichlorodihydrofluorescein … '''H2DCFDA''' (dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) is a cell permeant fluorescent probe that has been used as an indicator of ROS presence. It is a reduced form of fluorescein that does not present fluorescence. After entry in the cell, it suffers deacetylation by intracellular esterases, and upon oxidation it is converted to dichlorofluorescein (excitation wavelength ~492–495 nm, emission ~517–527 nm). It may be oxidised by hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hypochlorite anion, nitric oxide, peroxyl radical, peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen and superoxide. Has been used as a general indicator of ROS by fluorescence microscopy.dicator of ROS by fluorescence microscopy.)
• Harmonization  + ('''Harmonization''' is the process of minimizing redundant or conflicting [[standard]]s which may have evolved independently. To obtain a common basis in reaching a defined objective, critical [[requirement]]s are identified that need to be retained.)
• Harmonized European norm  + ('''Harmonized European norms''' are [[norm]]s valid for all members of the European Union. They are mandatory parts of the individual national collections of norms.)
• Harmonized SUIT protocols  + ('''Harmonized [[SUIT protocols]] … '''Harmonized [[SUIT protocols]]''' (H-SUIT) are designed to include [[cross-linked respiratory states]]. When performing harmonized SUIT protocols in parallel, measurements of cross-linked respiratory states can be statistically evaluated as replicates across protocols. Additional information is obtained on respiratory coupling and substrate control by including respiratory states that are not common (not cross-linked) across the harmonized protocols.s-linked) across the harmonized protocols.)
• Healthy ageing  + ('''Healthy ageing''': 'WHO has released th … '''Healthy ageing''': 'WHO has released the first World report on ageing and health, reviewing current knowledge and gaps and providing a public health framework for action. The report is built around a redefinition of healthy ageing that centres on the notion of functional ability: the combination of the intrinsic capacity of the individual, relevant environmental characteristics, and the interactions between the individual and these characteristics' (Beard 2016 The Lancet). characteristics' (Beard 2016 The Lancet).)
• Heat  + ('''Heat''' is a form of [[energy]] … '''Heat''' is a form of [[energy]] [J]. The relationship between heat and [[work]] provides the foundation of thermodynamics, which describes transformations from an initial to a final state of a system. In energy transformations heat may pass through the boundary of the system, at an external heat flow of d_e''Q''/d''t''.al heat flow of d_e''Q''/d''t''.)
• Heterothermy  + ('''Heterothermy''' is the variable regulat … '''Heterothermy''' is the variable regulation of body temperature in [[endothermy | endotherms]] which can change their body temperatures as levels of activity and environmental conditions dictate (e.g. hibernators). In '''regional heterothermy''', temperature gradients are present, e.g. between body core and extremeties.t, e.g. between body core and extremeties.)
• Homeothermy  + ('''Homeothermy''' is the stable regulation of body temperature in [[endothermy | endotherms]] by metabolic heat production and control of heat exchange with the environment, or in [[ectotherms]] by behavioural means to select a stable thermal environment.)
• Horseradish peroxidase  + ('''Horseradish peroxidase''' readily combines with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and the resultant [HRP-H₂O₂] complex can oxidize a wide variety of hydrogen donors.)
• Hydrogen sulfide  + ('''Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)''' is involved in signaling and may have have further biological importance.)
• Hydron  + ('''Hydron''' is the general name for the cation H⁺ used without regard to the nuclear mass of the hydrogen entity (H is the hydro group), either for H in its natural abundance or without distinction between the isotopes.)
• Hydroxycinnamate  + ('''Hydroxycinnamate''' (alpha-cyano-4-hydr … '''Hydroxycinnamate''' (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) is an inhibitor of the [[pyruvate carrier]] (0.65 mM). Above 10 mM [[pyruvate]], hydroxycinnamate cannot inhibit respiration from pyruvate, since the weak pyruvic acid can pass the inner mt-membrane in non-dissociated form.inner mt-membrane in non-dissociated form.)

• Hydroxylamine  + ('''Hydroxylamine''' is an inhibitor of [[catalase]].)

• Hyperoxia  + ('''Hyperoxia''' is defined as environmenta … '''Hyperoxia''' is defined as environmental oxygen pressure above the [[normoxic]] reference level. Cellular and intracellular hyperoxia is imposed on isolated cells and isolated mitochondria at air-level oxygen pressures which are higher compared to cellular and intracellular oxygen pressures under tissue conditions in vivo. Hyperoxic conditions may impose oxidative stress and may increase maximum aerobic performance. may increase maximum aerobic performance.)
• Hyperthermia  + ('''Hyperthermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]] … '''Hyperthermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]] is a state of stressful up to lethal elevated body core temperature. In humans, the limit of hyperthermia (fever) is considered as >38.3 °C, compared to [[normothermia]] at a body temperature of 36.5 to 37.5 °C.[normothermia]] at a body temperature of 36.5 to 37.5 °C.)
• Hyphenation  + ('''Hyphenation''' is used to connect two w … '''Hyphenation''' is used to connect two words (compound words) or two parts of a word to clarify the meaning of a sentence. The same two words may be hyphenated or not depending on context. Hyphenation may present a problem when searching for a term such as '[[Steady state]]'. It is helpful to write 'steady-state measurement', to clarify that the measurement is performed at steady state, rather than implying that a state measurement is steady. But this does not imply that hyphenation is applied to the 'measurement performed at steady state'. Thus, the key word is '[[steady state]]'. Compound adjectives should be hyphenated (steady-state measurement), but if the compound adjective follows the term (measurement at steady state), hyphenation does not add any information and should be avoided. Find more examples and guidelines in the [https://www.grammarly.com/blog/hyphen/ grammarly blog on Hyphen] and in [https://apastyle.apa.org/learn/faqs/when-use-hyphen apastyle.apa.org].rn/faqs/when-use-hyphen apastyle.apa.org].)
• Hypothermia  + ('''Hypothermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]] … '''Hypothermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]] is a state of stressful up to lethal low body core temperature. In humans, the limit of hypothermia is considered as 35 °C, compared to [[normothermia]] at a body temperature of 36.5 to 37.5 °C. Hypothermia is classified as mild (32–35 °C), moderate (28–32 °C), severe (20–28 °C), and profound (<20 °C). severe (20–28 °C), and profound (<20 °C).)
• Hypoxia  + ('''Hypoxia''' (hypox) is defined in respir … '''Hypoxia''' (hypox) is defined in respiratory physiology as the state when insufficient O₂ is available for respiration, compared to ''environmental'' hypoxia defined as environmental oxygen pressures below the [[normoxic]] reference level. Three major categories of hypoxia are (''1'') environmental hypoxia, (''2'') physiological tissue hypoxia in hyperactivated states (e.g. at ''V''_O₂max) with intracellular oxygen demand/supply balance at steady state in tissues at environmental normoxia, compared to tissue normoxia in physiologically balanced states, and (''3'') pathological tissue hypoxia including ischemia and stroke, anaemia, chronic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe COVID-19, and obstructive sleep apnea. Pathological hypoxia leads to tissue hypoxia and heterogenous intracellular anoxia. Clinical oxygen treatment ('environmental hyperoxia') may not or only partially overcome pathological tissue hypoxia.al hyperoxia') may not or only partially overcome pathological tissue hypoxia.)
• ISO 10012:2003 Measurement management systems  + ('''ISO 10012:2003 Measurement management s … '''ISO 10012:2003 Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment''': An effective measurement management system ensures that measuring equipment and measurement processes are fit for their intended use and is important in achieving product quality objectives and managing the risk of incorrect measurement results. The objective of a measurement management system is to manage the risk that measuring equipment and measurement processes could produce incorrect results affecting the quality of an organization’s product. The methods used for the measurement management system range from basic equipment verification to the application of statistical techniques in the measurement process control.niques in the measurement process control.)
• ISO 13528:2015 Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison  + ('''ISO 13528:2015 Statistical methods for … '''ISO 13528:2015 Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison''': Proficiency testing involves the use of interlaboratory comparisons to determine the performance of participants (which may be laboratories, inspection bodies, or individuals) for specific tests or measurements, and to monitor their continuing performance. There are a number of typical purposes of proficiency testing [[ISO/IEC 17043 General requirements for proficiency testing |ISO/IEC 17043:2010]]. These include the evaluation of laboratory performance, the identification of problems in laboratories, establishing effectiveness and comparability of test or measurement methods, the provision of additional confidence to laboratory customers, validation of uncertainty claims, and the education of participating laboratories. The statistical design and analytical techniques applied must be appropriate for the stated purpose(s). be appropriate for the stated purpose(s).)
• ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories — Particular requirements for quality and competence  + ('''ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories — P … '''ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories — Particular requirements for quality and competence''': This International Standard is for use by medical laboratories in developing their quality management systems and assessing their own competence, and for use by accreditation bodies in confirming or recognising the competence of medical laboratories. While this International Standard is intended for use throughout the currently recognised disciplines of medical laboratory services, those working in other services and disciplines could also find it useful and appropriate.could also find it useful and appropriate.)
• ISO 17511:2003 In vitro diagnostic medical devices  + ('''ISO 17511:2003 In vitro diagnostic medi … '''ISO 17511:2003 In vitro diagnostic medical devices -- Measurement of quantities in biological samples -- Metrological traceability of values assigned to calibrators and control materials''': For measurements of quantities in laboratory medicine, it is essential that the quantity is adequately defined and that the results reported to the physicians or other health care personel and patients are adequately accurate (true and precise) to allow correct medical interpretation and comparability over time and space.ion and comparability over time and space.)
• ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems - requirements  + ('''ISO 9001:2015 Quality management system … '''ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems - requirements''': The adoption of a quality management system is a strategic decision for an organization that can help to improve its overall performance and provide a sound basis for sustainable development initiatives. Consistently meeting requirements and addressing future needs and expectations poses a challenge for organizations in an increasingly dynamic and complex environment. To achieve this objective, the organization might find it necessary to adopt various forms of improvement in addition to correction and continual improvement, such as breakthrough change, innovation and re-organization.gh change, innovation and re-organization.)
• ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Competence of testing and calibration laboratories  + ('''ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General requirements … '''ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories''': The use of this International Standard will facilitate cooperation between laboratories and other bodies, and assist in the exchange of information and experience, and in the harmonization of standards and procedures. This International Standard specifies the general requirements for the competence to carry out tests and/or calibrations, including sampling. It covers testing and calibration performed using standard methods, non-standard methods, and laboratory-developed methods.methods, and laboratory-developed methods.)
• ISO/IEC 17043:2010 General requirements for proficiency testing  + ('''ISO/IEC 17043:2010 Conformity assessmen … '''ISO/IEC 17043:2010 Conformity assessment — General requirements for proficiency testing''': The use of interlaboratory comparisons is increasing internationally. This International Standard provides a consistent basis to determine the competence of organizations that provide proficiency testing.izations that provide proficiency testing.)
• Iconic symbols  + ('''Iconic symbols''' are used in [[ergodynamics]] … '''Iconic symbols''' are used in [[ergodynamics]] to indicate more explicitely — compared to standard SI or IUPAC symbols — the quantity represented and some boundary conditions. This is particularly the case in normalized quantities (ratios of quantities). Iconic (or canonical) symbols help to clarify the meaning, are based on SI and IUPAC symbols as far as possible, and may be translated into more commonly used, practical symbols. Several ambiguities in SI and IUPAC symbols are eliminated by the systematic structure of iconic symbols, but it may be impossible to avoid all ambiguities, particulary when long (canonical) symbols are abbreviated in a particular context. Clarity is improved always by showing the unit of a quantity together with the symbol of the quantity. Iconic symbols cannot be identical with IUPAC symbols when a different definition is used — this would add to the confusion. For example, the IUPAC symbols ''n''_B [mol] and ''V''_B [m³] denote amount and volume of B. Consequently, it should be expected, that the symbol ''Q''_B indicates charge of B [C]. However, the IUPAC symbol ''Q''_B is used for particle charge per ion B [C·x^-1]. This prohibits a consistent definition of ''Q''_B as a potential iconic symbol for charge carried by a given quantity of ions B with unit [C], instead of particle charge per ion B with unit [C·x^-1]. Hence, the conventional ambigous system forces compatible iconic symbols to be more complicated, using ''Q''_elB [C] and ''Q''_{''<u>N</u>''B} [C·x^-1] to distinguish charge of B from charge per elementary B. ''Q''_{''<u>n</u>''B} [C·mol^-1] is charge per molar amount of B.'B</sub> [C·x^-1] to distinguish charge of B from charge per elementary B. ''Q''_{''<u>n</u>''B} [C·mol^-1] is charge per molar amount of B.)
• Impact factor  + ('''Impact factor''' is a measure of a scie … '''Impact factor''' is a measure of a scientific journal's citations per publication. The Journal Citation Reports, maintained by Clarivate Analytics, provides the calculated impact factors. The IF is frequently used as an indicator of a journal's importance or prestige, which is nowadays increasingly contested. which is nowadays increasingly contested.)
• Inorganic phosphate  + ('''Inorgnic phosphate''' (P_i) is a salt of phosphoric acid. In solution near physiological pH, the species HPO₄^2- and H₂PO₄^- dominate. ''See also'': [[Phosphate carrier]] (Pic).)
• Oxygen flux - instrumental background  + ('''Instrumental background oxygen flux''', … '''Instrumental background oxygen flux''', ''J''°_O₂, in a respirometer is due to oxygen consumption by the [[POS]], and oxygen diffusion into or out of the aqueous medium in the [[O2k-chamber]]. It is a property of the instrumental system, measured in the range of experimental oxygen levels by a standardized instrumental O₂ background test. The oxygen regime from air saturation towards zero oxygen is applied generally in experiments with isolated mitochondria, and living or permeabilized cells. To overcome oxygen diffusion limitation in permeabilized fibers and homogenates, an elevated oxygen regime is applied, requiring instrumental background test in the same range of elevated oxygen., requiring instrumental background test in the same range of elevated oxygen.)
• Integration time  + ('''Integration time''' is the time taken t … '''Integration time''' is the time taken to scan a single full range spectrum using [[photodiode arrays]]. It is equivalent to the exposure time for a camera. The shortest integration time defines the fastest response time of a [[spectrophotometer]]. Increasing the integration time increases the [[sensitivity]] of the device. The [[white balance]] or [[balance]] and subsequent measurements must always be carried out at the same integration time. carried out at the same integration time.)
• Internal-energy  + ('''Internal-energy''', ''U'' [J], can neit … '''Internal-energy''', ''U'' [J], can neither be destroyed nor created (first law of thermodynamics: d_i''U''/d''t'' = 0). Note that ''internal'' (subscript i), as opposed to ''external'' (subscript e), must be distinguished from "internal-energy", ''U'', which contrasts with "[[Helmholtz energy]]", ''A'', as [[enthalpy]], ''H'', contrasts with Gibbs energy, ''G''.[[enthalpy]], ''H'', contrasts with Gibbs energy, ''G''.)
• International oxygraph course  + ('''International Oxygraph Course''' (IOC), see [[O2k-Workshops]].)
• Ionomycin  + ('''Ionomycin''' (Imy) is a ionophore used to raise intracellular [Ca²⁺].)
• Isocitrate dehydrogenase  + ('''Isocitrate dehydrogenase''' forms 2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate in the [[TCA cycle]].)
• Isolated mitochondria  + ('''Isolated mitochondria''', imt, are mitochondria separated from a tissue or cells by breaking the plasma membranes and attachments to the cytoskeleton, followed by centrifugation steps to separate the mitochondria from other components.)
• Journal indexing  + ('''Journal indexing''' allows publications to be found on search tools/databases. Each database might have different criteria of inclusion.)
• Keywords-MitoPedia in BEC  + ('''Keywords—MitoPedia''' is the concept to … '''Keywords—MitoPedia''' is the concept to link keywords in articles published in [[Bioenergetics Communications]] (BEC) to [[MitoPedia]] terms. Authors should consider the message in the selected keywords. Provide consistent definitions of your keywords by linking them to MitoPedia. Extend MitoPedia entries critically by your contributions. The BEC editorial team will hyperlink your keywords with MitoPedia, and a reference to your BEC publication will be generated automatically from the MitoPedia term to your publication. With your contributions, BEC elevates keywords to terms with meaning. Your article gains visibility.th meaning. Your article gains visibility.)
• Kynurenine hydroxylase  + ('''Kynurenine hydroxylase''' (kynurenine 3 … '''Kynurenine hydroxylase''' (kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Kynurenine hydroxylase catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-kynurenine + NADPH + H⁺ + O₂ ↔ 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP⁺ + H₂O</br>Kynurenine hydroxylase belongs to the family of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with O₂ as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O₂ with [[NADH]] or [[NADPH]] as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism. It employs one cofactor, [[FAD]].FAD]].)
• Laboratory titration sheet  + ('''Laboratory titration sheet''' contains … '''Laboratory titration sheet''' contains the sequential titrations in a specific Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocol. The laboratory titration sheets for different SUIT protocols are incorporated in DatLab (DL7.1): [[Protocols in DatLab]][[Protocols in DatLab]])
• Lactate dehydrogenase  + ('''Lactate dehydrogenase''' is a glycolytic marker enzyme in the cytosol, regenerating NAD⁺ from NADH and pyruvate, forming lactate.)
• Length  + ('''Length''' ''l'' is an SI base quantity … '''Length''' ''l'' is an SI base quantity with SI base unit [[meter]] m. Quantities derived from length are [[area]] ''A'' [m²] and [[volume]] ''V'' [m³]. Length is an extensive quantity, increasing additively with the number of objects. The term 'height' ''h'' is used for length in cases of vertical position (see [[height of humans]]). Length of height per object, ''L''_{''U''_''X''} [m·x^-1] is length per unit-entity ''U''_''X'', in contrast to lentgth of a system, which may contain one or many entities, such as the length of a pipeline assembled from a number ''N''_''X'' of individual pipes. Length is a quantity linked to direct sensory, practical experience, as reflected in terms related to length: long/short (height: tall/small). Terms such as 'long/short distance' are then used by analogy in the context of the more abstract quantity [[time]] (long/short duration).[time]] (long/short duration).)
• Light-enhanced dark respiration  + ('''Light-enhanced dark respiration''' ''LE … '''Light-enhanced dark respiration''' ''LEDR'' is a sharp (negative) maximum of dark respiration in plants in response to illumination, measured immediately after switching off the light. ''LEDR'' is supported by respiratory substrates produced during photosynthesis and closely reflects light-enhanced [[photorespiration]] (Xue et al 1996). Based on this assumption, the total photosynthetic oxygen flux ''TP'' is calculated as the sum of the measured net photosynthetic oxygen flux ''NP'' plus the absolute value of ''LEDR''.'NP'' plus the absolute value of ''LEDR''.)
• Lightguides  + ('''Lightguides''' consist of optical fibre … '''Lightguides''' consist of optical fibres (either single or in bundles) that can be used to transmit light to a sample from a remote [[light source]] and similarly receive light from a sample and transmit it to a remote [[detector]]. They have greatly contributed to the range of applications that for which optical methods can be applied. This is particularly true in the fields of medicine and biology.rue in the fields of medicine and biology.)
• Linear phenomenological laws  + ('''Linear phenomenological laws''' are at … '''Linear phenomenological laws''' are at the core of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes TIP, considered to apply near equilibrium but more generally in transport processes (e.g. Fick's law). In TIP, linearity is discussed as the dependence of generalized flows ''I'' or fluxes ''J'' on generalized forces, ''J'' = -''L''·''F'', where ''L'' is expected to be constant (as a prerequisite for linearity) and must not be a function of the force ''F'' ([[affinity]]) for [[Onsager 1931 Phys Rev |Onsager reciprocity]] to apply. This paradigm is challenged by the [[ergodynamics |ergodynamic concept]] of fundamentally non-linear isomorphic flux-[[force]] relations and is replaced by the generalized isomorphic flux-[[pressure]] relations. Flows ''I'' [MU·s^-1] and forces ''F'' [J·MU^-1] are conjugated pairs, the product of which yields power, ''I''·''F'' = ''P'' [J·s^-1 = W]. Flux ''J'' is system-size specific flow, such that volume-specific flux times force yields volume-specific power, ''P''_''V'' = ''J''·''F'' [W·m^-3]. Then [[Vector |vectoral]] and [[Discontinuous system |vectorial]] transport processes are inherently non-linear flux-force relationships, with '''''L''''' = '''''u'''''·'''''c''''' in continuous transport processes along a gradient ('''''c''''' is the local concentration), or ''L'' = ''u''·''α'' (''α'' is the [[free activity]] in a discontinuous transport process across a semipermeable membrane) — formally not different from (isomorphic to) [[scalar]] chemical reactions.emical reactions.)
• Linearity  + ('''Linearity''' is the ability of the meth … '''Linearity''' is the ability of the method to produce test results that are proportional, either directly or by a well-defined mathematical transformation, to the concentration of the analyte in samples within a given range. This property is inherent in the [[Beer-Lambert law]] for [[absorbance]] alone, but deviations occur in [[scattering]] media. It is also a property of [[fluorescence]], but a [[fluorophore]] may not exhibit linearity, particularly over a large range of concentrations.arly over a large range of concentrations.)
• Luminescence  + ('''Luminescence''' is spontaneous emission … '''Luminescence''' is spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment (IUPC definition). An alternative definition is "Luminescence is emission of </br>light by a substance not resulting from heat." Luminescence comprises many different pehnomena. Luminescence from direct photoexcitation of the emitting species is called photoluminescence. Both [[fluorescence]] and [[phosphorescence]] are forms of photoluminescence. In biomedical research also forms of chemiluminescence (e.g.the luciferin reaction) are used. In chemiluminescence the emission of radiation results from a chemical reaction. For other forms of luminescence see [http://goldbook.iupac.org/L03641.html the IUPAC Gold Book].upac.org/L03641.html the IUPAC Gold Book].)
• Magnesium Green  + ('''Magnesium Green''' (MgG) is an [[extrinsic fluorophores|extrinsic fluorophore]] … '''Magnesium Green''' (MgG) is an [[extrinsic fluorophores|extrinsic fluorophore]] that fluoresces when bound to Mg²⁺ and is used for measuring mitochondrial ATP production by [[mitochondrial preparations]]. Determination of mitochondrial ATP production is based on the different dissociation constants of Mg²⁺ for [[ADP]] and [[ATP]], and the exchange of one ATP for one ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane by the [[adenine nucleotide translocase]] (ANT). Using the dissociation constants for ADP-Mg²⁺ and ATP-Mg²⁺ and initial concentrations of ADP, ATP and Mg²⁺, the change in ATP concentration in the medium is calculated, which reflects mitochondrial ATP production. change in ATP concentration in the medium is calculated, which reflects mitochondrial ATP production.)
• Malic enzyme  + ('''Malic enzyme''' (ME; EC 1.1.1.40) catal … '''Malic enzyme''' (ME; EC 1.1.1.40) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate to pyruvate with the concomitant reduction of the dinucleotide cofactor NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ and a requirement for divalent cations (Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺) as cofactors.</br></br>NAD(P)⁺ + L-malate^2- <--> NAD(P)H + pyruvate^- + CO₂</br></br>Three groups of ME are distinguished (i) NAD⁺- and (ii) NADP⁺-dependent ME specific for NAD⁺ or NADP⁺, respectively, and (iii) NAD(P)⁺- dependent ME with dual specificity for NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as cofactor. Three isoforms of ME have been identified in mammals: cytosolic NADP⁺-dependent ME (cNADP-ME or ME1), mitochondrial NAD(P)⁺-dependent ME (mtNAD-ME or ME2; with NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as cofactor, preference for NAD⁺ under physiological conditions), and mitochondrial NADP⁺-dependent ME (mtNADP-ME or ME3). mtNAD-ME plays an important role in [[anaplerosis]] when glucose is limiting, particularly in heart and skeletal muscle. [[Tartronic acid]] (hydroxymalonic acid) is an inhibitor of ME.[[Tartronic acid]] (hydroxymalonic acid) is an inhibitor of ME.)
• Malonate  + ('''Malonate''' (malonic acid) is a competitive inhibitor of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] ([[Complex II]]). Malonate is a substrate of [[malonyl-CoA synthase]].)
• Malonyl-CoA synthase  + ('''Malonyl-CoA synthase''' or ACSF3 protei … '''Malonyl-CoA synthase''' or ACSF3 protein is a mitochondrial fatty-acyl-CoA synthase found in mammals. Traditionally, malonyl-CoA is formed from acetyl-CoA by the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. However, Witkowski et al (2011) showed that mammals express malonyl-CoA Synthase (ACSF3) with enzymatic activity in the presence of [[malonate]] (Complex II inhibitor) and methylmalonate.(Complex II inhibitor) and methylmalonate.)
• Marks - DatLab  + ('''Marks''' in [[DatLab]] … '''Marks''' in [[DatLab]] define sections of a [[plot]] recorded over time. Marks are set by the [[user]] in real-time, or post-experimentally for basic level data analysis. Set Marks to obtain the median, average, standard deviation, [[Outlier index - DatLab |outlier index]] and range of the data within the mark, for calibration of the oxygen signal, flux analysis, or to delete marked data points. Marks are shown by a horizontal bar in the active plot. The default [[Mark names]] are given automatically in numerical sequence, independent for each plot. Rename marks individually by clicking into the horizontal bar, or use corresponding templates for renaming the entire sequence of marks. Several marks can be set on any plot.rks. Several marks can be set on any plot.)
• VO2max  + ('''Maximum oxygen consumption''', ''V''< … '''Maximum oxygen consumption''', ''V''_O₂max, is and index of cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by spiroergometry on human and animal organisms capable of controlled physical exercise performance on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. ''V''_O₂max is the maximum respiration of an organism, expressed as the volume of O₂ at [[STPD]] consumed per unit of time per individual object [mL.min^-1.x^-1]. If normalized per body mass of the individual object, ''M'' [kg.x^-1], mass specific maximum oxygen consumption, ''V''_{O₂max/''M''}, is expressed in units [mL.min^-1.kg^-1]. specific maximum oxygen consumption, ''V''_{O₂max/''M''}, is expressed in units [mL.min^-1.kg^-1].)
• Melatonin  + ('''Melatonin''' (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptam … '''Melatonin''' (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, aMT) is a highly conserved molecule present in unicellular to vertebrate organisms. Melatonin is synthesized from tryptophan in the pinealocytes by the pineal gland and also is produced in other organs, tissues and fluids (extrapineal melatonin). Melatonin has lipophilic and hydrophilic nature which allows it to cross biological membranes. Therefore, melatonin is present in all subcellular compartments predominantly in the nucleus and mitochondria. Melatonin has pleiotropic functions with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and oncostatic effects with a wide spectrum of action particularly at the level of mitochondria. » [[#Melatonin and protection from mitochondrial damage |'''MiPNet article''']][#Melatonin and protection from mitochondrial damage |'''MiPNet article''']])
• Mersalyl  + ('''Mersalyl''' (C₁₃H₁₇HgNO₆) is an inhibitor of the [[Pi symporter]].)
• Metformin  + ('''Metformin''' (dimethylbiguanide) is mainly known as an important antidiabetic drug which is effective, however, in a wide spectrum of degenerative diseases. It is an inhibitor of [[Complex I]] and [[glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex]].)
• Methylmalonic acid  + ('''Methylmalonic acid''' (Mma) is a common intermediate in many catabolic processes. In methylmalonic acidemia mitochondrial dysfunction can be observed, related to accumulation of Mma and associated with neurological symptoms.)
• Metrology  + ('''Metrology''' is the science of measurement, including all aspects both theoretical and practical with reference to measurements, whatever their uncertainty, and in whatever fields of science or technology they occur [SOURCE: VIM:1993, 2.2].)
• Microplates  + ('''Microplate''' readers allow large numbe … '''Microplate''' readers allow large numbers of sample reactions to be assayed in well format microtitre plates. The most common microplate format used in academic research laboratories or clinical diagnostic laboratories is 96-well (8 by 12 matrix) with a typical reaction volume between 100 and 200 µL per well. a wide range of applications involve the use of [[fluorescence]] measurements , although they can also be used in conjunction with [[absorbance]] measurements.[absorbance]] measurements.)
• Microxia  + ('''Microxia''' (deep hypoxia) is obtained when trace amounts of O₂ exert a stimulatory effect on respiration above the level where metabolism is switched to a purely [[anaerobic]] mode.)
• MitoFit protocols  + ('''MitoFit protocols''' are moderated by t … '''MitoFit protocols''' are moderated by the [[MitoFit moderators]] (MitoFit team), either as protocols with direct reference to publications available to the scientific communicty, or protocols additionally described and made available in Bioblast with full information on authors (including contact details), author contributions, and editor (moderator) in charge. This aims at a comprehensive [[MitoFit data repository]], which will require global input and cooperation.will require global input and cooperation.)
• MitoFit registered project  + ('''MitoFit registered projects''' are anno … '''MitoFit registered projects''' are announced with reference to [[MitoFit protocols]] as [[publicly deposited protocols]]. Project registration is a two-phase process. Guidelines will be defined. (''1'') Pre-registration of a project requires submission to a MitoFit moderator (editor), including protocol details with reference to MitoPedia protocols, or with submission of protocols for publication (Open Access) in MitoPedia. The MitoFit (Bioblast) editors will edit the submitted protocols (layout) and insert into Bioblast submitted pre-registrations and protocols. (''2'') MitoFit moderators (editors) will set up a [[MitoFit accreditation panel]], in which the registrant will be included (perhaps not in the long run, to avoid conflict of interests) and/or for which the registrant can suggest delegates (compare peer review). Accredited [[MitoFit protocols]] are labelled as [[MitoFit accredited]], and the pre-registered MitoFit project becomes labelled and listed as '''MitoFit registered project''' (MitoFit accredited). This is possible before (advance registration), during progress, and after completion of a study (post-registration). A MitoFit registered project receives a code for feeding data into the [[MitoFit data repository]].[[MitoFit data repository]].)
• MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv  + ('''MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv''' (diacetoxyme … '''MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv''' (diacetoxymethyl malonate) is a plasma membrane-permeable prodrug (permeable malonate; Mnanv) that diffuses across the plasma membrane. Cleavage of diacetoxymethyl groups is mediated by intracellular esterases, thus releasing [[malonate]] in the intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-161-s2e intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-161-s2)
• MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv  + ('''MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv''' (diacetoxym … '''MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv''' (diacetoxymethyl succinate) is a plasma membrane-permeable prodrug (permeable succinate; Snv) that diffuses across the plasma membrane. Cleavage of diacetoxymethyl groups is mediated by intracellular esterases, thus releasing [[succinate]] in the intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-118-s4 intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-118-s4)