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DatLab provides several keyboard shortcuts to allow for quick access to many functions and settings without using a mouse. +
'''Keywords—MitoPedia''' is the concept to link keywords in articles published in [[Bioenergetics Communications]] (BEC) to [[MitoPedia]] terms. Authors should consider the message in the selected keywords. Provide consistent definitions of your keywords by linking them to MitoPedia. Extend MitoPedia entries critically by your contributions. The BEC editorial team will hyperlink your keywords with MitoPedia, and a reference to your BEC publication will be generated automatically from the MitoPedia term to your publication. With your contributions, BEC elevates keywords to terms with meaning. Your article gains visibility. +
The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant ''h'' to be 6.626 070 15 × 10<sup>−34</sup> when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, where the meter and the second are defined in terms of ''c'' and Δ''ν''<sub>Cs</sub>. +
The '''Korean Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine''' (KSMRM) is a member of [[Asian Society for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine|ASMRM]]. +
'''Kynurenine hydroxylase''' (kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Kynurenine hydroxylase catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-kynurenine + NADPH + H<sup>+</sup> + O<sub>2</sub> ↔ 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O
Kynurenine hydroxylase belongs to the family of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with O<sub>2</sub> as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O<sub>2</sub> with [[NADH]] or [[NADPH]] as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism. It employs one cofactor, [[FAD]]. +
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[[Image:L over E.jpg|50 px|LEAK control ratio]] The '''''L/E'' coupling-control ratio''' is the flux ratio of [[LEAK respiration]] over [[ET capacity]], as determined by measurement of oxygen consumption in ''L'' and ''E'' sequentially. The ''L/E'' coupling-control ratio is an index of [[uncoupling]] or [[dyscoupling]] at constant ET-capacity. ''L/E'' increases with uncoupling from a theoretical minimum of 0.0 for a fully coupled system, to 1.0 for a fully uncoupled system. +
[[Image:L over P.jpg|50 px|''L/P'' coupling-control ratio]] The '''''L/P'' coupling-control ratio''' or LEAK/OXPHOS coupling-control ratio combines the effects of coupling (''L/E'') and limitation by the phosphorylation system (''P/E''); ''L/P'' = (''L/E'') / (''P/E'') = 1/[[RCR]]. +
[[Image:L over R.jpg|50 px|''L/R'' coupling-control ratio]] The '''''L/R'' coupling-control ratio''' or LEAK/ROUTINE coupling-control ratio combines the effects of coupling (''L/E''), physiological control of energy demand, and limitation by the OXPHOS capacity. +
[[File:L.jpg]] '''EAK respiration''' or LEAK oxygen flux ''L'' compensating for [[proton leak]], [[proton slip]], cation cycling and [[electron leak]], is a dissipative component of respiration which is not available for performing biochemical work and thus related to heat production. LEAK respiration is measured in the LEAK state, in the presence of reducing substrate(s), but absence of ADP - abbreviated as ''L''(n) (theoretically, absence of inorganic phosphate presents an alternative), or after enzymatic inhibition of the [[phosphorylation system]], which can be reached with the use of [[oligomycin]] - abbreviated as ''L''(Omy). The '''LEAK state''' is the non-phosphorylating resting state of intrinsic [[Uncoupler|uncoupled]] or [[Dyscoupled respiration|dyscoupled respiration]] when oxygen flux is maintained mainly to compensate for the proton leak at a high chemiosmotic potential, when ATP synthase is not active. In this non-phosphorylating resting state, the electrochemical proton gradient is increased to a maximum, exerting feedback control by depressing oxygen flux to a level determined mainly by the proton leak and the H<sup>+</sup>/O<sub>2</sub> ratio. In this state of maximum protonmotive force, LEAK respiration, ''L'', is higher than the LEAK component of [[OXPHOS capacity]], ''P''. The conditions for measurement and expression of respiration vary ([[oxygen flux]] in the LEAK state, ''J''<sub>O<sub>2</sub>''L''</sub>, or [[oxygen flow]], ''I''<sub>O<sub>2</sub>''L''</sub>). If these conditions are defined and remain consistent within a given context, then the simple symbol ''L'' for respiratory rate can be used as a substitute for the more explicit expression for respiratory activity.
» [[LEAK respiration#LEAK respiration: concept-linked terminology of respiratory states |'''MiPNet article''']] +
[[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The '''LEAK state with ATP''' is obtained in mt-preparations without ATPase activity after ADP is maximally phosphorylated to ATP ([[State 4]]; Chance and Williams 1955) or after addition of high ATP in the absence of ADP ([[Gnaiger 2000 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |Gnaiger et al 2000]]). Respiration in the LEAK state with ATP, ''L''(T), is distinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(Omy). +
[[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The '''LEAK state with oligomycin''' is a [[LEAK state]] induced by inhibition of ATP synthase by [[oligomycin]]. ADP and ATP may or may not be present. LEAK respiration with oligomycin, ''L''(Omy), is distinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(T). +
[[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] In the '''LEAK state without adenylates''' mitochondrial LEAK respiration, ''L''(n) (n for no adenylates), is measured after addition of substrates, which decreases slowly to the [[LEAK state]] after oxidation of endogenous substrates with no [[adenylates]]. ''L''(n) is distinguished from ''L''(T) and ''L''(Omy). +
'''Laboratory titration sheet''' contains the sequential titrations in a specific Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocol. The laboratory titration sheets for different SUIT protocols are incorporated in DatLab (DL7.1): [[Protocols in DatLab]] +
'''Lactate dehydrogenase''' is a glycolytic marker enzyme in the cytosol, regenerating NAD<sup>+</sup> from NADH and pyruvate, forming lactate. +
The concept on '''latent mitochondrial dysfunction''' presents the working hypothesis that the dynamic mitochondrial stress response provides a more sensitive and integrative marker for degenerative disease-related defects compared to acute mitochondrial dysfunction. The risk for developing a disease may be quantified in terms of a stress response, rather than a static pathophysiological state. Acute and latent mitochondrial dysfunction are studied at baseline and in response to a particular (e.g. oxidative) stress, using a mitochondrial stress resistance test. +
A '''Layout''' in [[DatLab]] selected in the Layout menu yields a standardized display of graphs and [[Plot - DatLab |plots]] displayed with specific [[Scaling - DatLab|scalings]]. The graph layout defines initial settings, which can be modified for plots [Ctrl+F6] and scaling [F6]. A modified layout can be saved as user layout without changing the standard layouts. +
This method makes use of all of the data points of the spectrum in order to quantify a measured spectrum with a reference spectrum of known concentration using a '''least squares method''' to match the measured spectrum with the reference spectrum. The technique results in improved accuracy compared with the use of only a few characteristic wavelengths. +
'''Length''' ''l'' is an SI base quantity with SI base unit [[meter]] m. Quantities derived from length are [[area]] ''A'' [m<sup>2</sup>] and [[volume]] ''V'' [m<sup>3</sup>]. Length is an extensive quantity, increasing additively with the number of objects. The term 'height' ''h'' is used for length in cases of vertical position (see [[height of humans]]). Length of height per object, ''L''<sub>''U''<sub>''X''</sub></sub> [m·x<sup>-1</sup>] is length per unit-entity ''U''<sub>''X''</sub>, in contrast to lentgth of a system, which may contain one or many entities, such as the length of a pipeline assembled from a number ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> of individual pipes. Length is a quantity linked to direct sensory, practical experience, as reflected in terms related to length: long/short (height: tall/small). Terms such as 'long/short distance' are then used by analogy in the context of the more abstract quantity [[time]] (long/short duration). +
[[File:E.jpg |link=ET capacity]] '''Level flow''' is a [[steady state]] of a system with an input process coupled to an output process (coupled system), in which the output force is zero. ''Clearly, energy must be expended to maintain level flow, even though output is zero'' (Caplan and Essig 1983; referring to zero output force, while output flow may be maximum). +
A variety of '''light sources''' are available for [[fluorometry]] and [[spectrophotometry]]. These include deuterium, mercury and xenon arc lamps and quartz halogen bulbs dependent upon the wavelengths required. However, the advent of [[light emitting diode]]s has greatly increased the possibilities for the application of [[fluorometry]] and [[spectrophotometry]] to areas that were previously not practicable, and at a much reduced cost. +
A '''light-emitting diode''' (LED) is a light source (semiconductor), used in many every-day applications and specifically in [[fluorometry]]. LEDs are available for specific spectral ranges across wavelengths in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#Colors_and_materials visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range]. +
'''Light-enhanced dark respiration''' ''LEDR'' is a sharp (negative) maximum of dark respiration in plants in response to illumination, measured immediately after switching off the light. ''LEDR'' is supported by respiratory substrates produced during photosynthesis and closely reflects light-enhanced [[photorespiration]] (Xue et al 1996). Based on this assumption, the total photosynthetic oxygen flux ''TP'' is calculated as the sum of the measured net photosynthetic oxygen flux ''NP'' plus the absolute value of ''LEDR''. +
'''Lightguides''' consist of optical fibres (either single or in bundles) that can be used to transmit light to a sample from a remote [[light source]] and similarly receive light from a sample and transmit it to a remote [[detector]]. They have greatly contributed to the range of applications that for which optical methods can be applied. This is particularly true in the fields of medicine and biology. +
The '''limiting oxygen pressure''', ''p''<sub>l</sub>, is defined as the partial oxygen pressure, ''p''<sub>O2</sub>, below which [[anaerobic]] catabolism is activated to contribute to total ATP generation. The limiting oxygen pressure, ''p''<sub>l</sub>, may be substantially lower than the '''[[critical oxygen pressure]]''', ''p''<sub>c</sub>, below which [[aerobic]] catabolism (respiration or oxygen consumption) declines significantly. +
In the transition from aerobic to [[anaerobic | anaerobic metabolism]], there is a limiting ''p''<sub>O2</sub>, ''p''<sub>lim</sub>, below which anaerobic energy flux is switched on and [[Calorespirometric ratio|CR ratios]] become more exothermic than the [[oxycaloric equivalent]]. ''p''<sub>lim</sub> may be significanlty below the [[critical pO2|critical ''p''<sub>O2</sub>]]. +
'''Linear phenomenological laws''' are at the core of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes TIP, considered to apply near equilibrium but more generally in transport processes (e.g. Fick's law). In TIP, linearity is discussed as the dependence of generalized flows ''I'' or fluxes ''J'' on generalized forces, ''J'' = -''L''·''F'', where ''L'' is expected to be constant (as a prerequisite for linearity) and must not be a function of the force ''F'' ([[affinity]]) for [[Onsager 1931 Phys Rev |Onsager reciprocity]] to apply. This paradigm is challenged by the [[ergodynamics |ergodynamic concept]] of fundamentally non-linear isomorphic flux-[[force]] relations and is replaced by the generalized isomorphic flux-[[pressure]] relations. Flows ''I'' [MU·s<sup>-1</sup>] and forces ''F'' [J·MU<sup>-1</sup>] are conjugated pairs, the product of which yields power, ''I''·''F'' = ''P'' [J·s<sup>-1</sup> = W]. Flux ''J'' is system-size specific flow, such that volume-specific flux times force yields volume-specific power, ''P''<sub>''V''</sub> = ''J''·''F'' [W·m<sup>-3</sup>]. Then [[Vector |vectoral]] and [[Discontinuous system |vectorial]] transport processes are inherently non-linear flux-force relationships, with '''''L''''' = '''''u'''''·'''''c''''' in continuous transport processes along a gradient ('''''c''''' is the local concentration), or ''L'' = ''u''·''α'' (''α'' is the [[free activity]] in a discontinuous transport process across a semipermeable membrane) — formally not different from (isomorphic to) [[scalar]] chemical reactions. +
'''Linearity''' is the ability of the method to produce test results that are proportional, either directly or by a well-defined mathematical transformation, to the concentration of the analyte in samples within a given range. This property is inherent in the [[Beer-Lambert law]] for [[absorbance]] alone, but deviations occur in [[scattering]] media. It is also a property of [[fluorescence]], but a [[fluorophore]] may not exhibit linearity, particularly over a large range of concentrations. +
[[Armstrong 2010 J Comp Physiol B]]: This paper describes a method for purification of rodent liver mitochdondria using relatively low-speed centrifugation through discontinuous Percoll gradients. +
With '''Living Communications''', [https://www.bioenergetics-communications.org/index.php/bec Bioenergetics Communications] (BEC) takes the next step from pre-print to re-print. The concept of ''Living Communications'' pursues a novel culture of scientific communication, addressing the conflict between long-term elaboration and validation of results versus sharing without delay improved methods and preliminary findings. Following the preprint concept, updates may be posted on the BEC website of the resource publication. Updated versions of Living Communications are submitted for Open Peer Review with full traceability. In contrast to static papers, evolution of ''Living Communications'' is more resourceful and efficient than a ‘new’ publication. ''Living Communications'' provide a pathway along the scientific culture of lively debate towards tested and trusted milestones of research, from pre-print to re-print, from initial steps to next steps. +
Cell viability in '''living cells''' should be >95 % for various experimental investigations, including cell respirometry. Viable cells (vce) are characterized by an intact plasma membrane barrier function. The total cell count (''N''<sub>ce</sub>) is the sum of viable cells (''N''<sub>vce</sub>) and dead cells (''N''<sub>dce</sub>). In contrast, the plasma membrane can be permeabilized selectively by mild detergents ([[digitonin]]), to obtain the [[Mitochondrial preparations |mt-preparation]] of [[permeabilized cells]] used for [[cell ergometry]]. Living cells are frequently labelled as ''intact cells'' in the sense of the total cell count, but ''intact'' may suggest dual meanings of ''viable'' or unaffected by a disease or mitochondrial injury. +
A '''Lower O2 limit [µM]''' can be defined for each O2k-chamber, to trigger an automatic warning when the experimental O<sub>2</sub> concentration drops below this limit. It reminds the user that re-oxygenation of the O2k-chamber may be required. For the lower O<sub>2</sub> concentration limit, the [[critical oxygen pressure |critical oxygen concentration]] should be considered, which differs between isolated mitochondria, large cells, and permeabilized muscle fibers. A higher limit should be chosen when high oxygen flux is expected, e.g. prior to uncoupler titration. A lower limit is acceptable prior to inhibition of respiration causing low oxygen flux. +
'''Luminescence''' is spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment (IUPC definition). An alternative definition is "Luminescence is emission of
light by a substance not resulting from heat." Luminescence comprises many different pehnomena. Luminescence from direct photoexcitation of the emitting species is called photoluminescence. Both [[fluorescence]] and [[phosphorescence]] are forms of photoluminescence. In biomedical research also forms of chemiluminescence (e.g.the luciferin reaction) are used. In chemiluminescence the emission of radiation results from a chemical reaction. For other forms of luminescence see [http://goldbook.iupac.org/L03641.html the IUPAC Gold Book]. +
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[[File:MITOEAGLE-representation.jpg|150px|left]]
The objective of the '''MitoEAGLE''' network is to improve our knowledge on mitochondrial function in health and disease related to Evolution, Age, Gender, Lifestyle and Environment. +
'''Magnesium Green''' (MgG) is an [[extrinsic fluorophores|extrinsic fluorophore]] that fluoresces when bound to Mg<sup>2+</sup> and is used for measuring mitochondrial ATP production by [[mitochondrial preparations]]. Determination of mitochondrial ATP production is based on the different dissociation constants of Mg<sup>2+</sup> for [[ADP]] and [[ATP]], and the exchange of one ATP for one ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane by the [[adenine nucleotide translocase]] (ANT). Using the dissociation constants for ADP-Mg<sup>2+</sup> and ATP-Mg<sup>2+</sup> and initial concentrations of ADP, ATP and Mg<sup>2+</sup>, the change in ATP concentration in the medium is calculated, which reflects mitochondrial ATP production. +
[[File:Malic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Malic acid]]
'''Malic acid''', C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, occurs under physiological conditions as the anion '''malate<sup>2-</sup>, M''', with p''K''<sub>a1</sub> = 3.40 and p''K''<sub>a2</sub> = 5.20. L-Malate is formed from fumarate in the [[TCA cycle]] in the mitochondrial matrix, where it is the substrate of [[malate dehydrogenase]] oxidized to [[oxaloacetate]]. Malate is also formed in the cytosol. It cannot permeate through the lipid bilayer of membranes and hence requires a carrier ([[dicarboxylate carrier]], [[tricarboxylate carrier]] and 2-oxoglutarate carrier). Malate alone cannot support respiration of [[Mitochondrial preparations|mt-preparations]] from most tissues, since oxaloacetate accumulates in the absence of [[pyruvate]] or [[glutamate]].
Malate is a [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state |type N substrate]] (N) required for the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state| FAO-pathway]]. In the presence of [[Malate-anaplerotic pathway control state|anaplerotic pathways]] (''e.g.'', [[Malic enzyme|mitochondrial malic enzyme, mtME]]) the capacity of the FAO-pathway can be overestimated due to a contribution of NADH-linked respiration, F(N) (see [[SUIT-002]]). +
Mitochondrial '''malate dehydrogenase''' is localized in the mitochondrial matrix and oxidizes [[malate]], generated from fumarate by fumarase, to [[oxaloacetate]], reducing NAD<sup>+</sup> to NADH+H<sup>+</sup> in the [[TCA cycle]]. Malate is added as a substrate in most [[N-pathway control state]]s. +
'''Carriers for malate:
* [[dicarboxylate carrier]]
* [[tricarboxylate carrier]]
* [[2-oxoglutarate carrier]] +
[[File:M.jpg|left|200px|M]] '''M''': [[Malate]] alone does not support respiration of mt-preparations if [[oxaloacetate]] cannot be metabolized further in the absence of a source of acetyl-CoA. Transport of oxaloacetate across the inner mt-membrane is restricted particularly in liver. Mitochondrial citrate and 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) are depleted by antiport with malate. [[Succinate]] is lost from the mitochondria through the dicarboxylate carrier. OXPHOS capacity with malate alone is only 1.3% of that with [[PM |Pyruvate&Malate]] in isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. However, many mammalian and non-mammalian mitochondria have a mt-isoform of NADP<sup>+-</sup> or NAD(P)<big>+</big>-dependent [[malic enzyme]] (mtME), the latter being particularly active in proliferating cells. Then the [[anaplerotic pathway control state]] with malate alone (aN) supports high respiratory activities comparable to the NADH-linked pathway control states (N) with pyruvate&malate or glutamate&malate substrate combinations ([[PM-pathway control state]], [[GM-pathway control state]]). +
The malate-aspartate shuttle involves the glutamate-aspartate carrier and the 2-oxoglutarate carrier exchanging malate<sup>2-</sup> for 2-oxoglutarate<sup>2-</sup>. Cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and transaminase complete the shuttle for the transport of cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial matrix. It is most important in heart, liver and kidney. +
'''Malic enzyme''' (ME; EC 1.1.1.40) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate to pyruvate with the concomitant reduction of the dinucleotide cofactor NAD<sup>+</sup> or NADP<sup>+</sup> and a requirement for divalent cations (Mg<sup>2+</sup> or Mn<sup>2+</sup>) as cofactors.
NAD(P)<sup>+</sup> + L-malate<sup>2-</sup> <--> NAD(P)H + pyruvate<sup>-</sup> + CO<sub>2</sub>
Three groups of ME are distinguished (i) NAD<sup>+</sup>- and (ii) NADP<sup>+</sup>-dependent ME specific for NAD<sup>+</sup> or NADP<sup>+</sup>, respectively, and (iii) NAD(P)<sup>+</sup>- dependent ME with dual specificity for NAD<sup>+</sup> or NADP<sup>+</sup> as cofactor. Three isoforms of ME have been identified in mammals: cytosolic NADP<sup>+</sup>-dependent ME (cNADP-ME or ME1), mitochondrial NAD(P)<sup>+</sup>-dependent ME (mtNAD-ME or ME2; with NAD<sup>+</sup> or NADP<sup>+</sup> as cofactor, preference for NAD<sup>+</sup> under physiological conditions), and mitochondrial NADP<sup>+</sup>-dependent ME (mtNADP-ME or ME3). mtNAD-ME plays an important role in [[anaplerosis]] when glucose is limiting, particularly in heart and skeletal muscle. [[Tartronic acid]] (hydroxymalonic acid) is an inhibitor of ME. +
'''Malonate''' (malonic acid) is a competitive inhibitor of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] ([[Complex II]]). Malonate is a substrate of [[malonyl-CoA synthase]]. +
'''Malonyl-CoA synthase''' or ACSF3 protein is a mitochondrial fatty-acyl-CoA synthase found in mammals. Traditionally, malonyl-CoA is formed from acetyl-CoA by the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. However, Witkowski et al (2011) showed that mammals express malonyl-CoA Synthase (ACSF3) with enzymatic activity in the presence of [[malonate]] (Complex II inhibitor) and methylmalonate. +
Setups and templates in DatLab can be renamed or deleted under '''Manage setups''' or '''Manage templates'''. +
Manuscripts template for [[MitoFit Preprints]] and [[Bioenergetics Communications]]. +
» See [[Marks - DatLab]] +
The function '''Mark specifications''' is largely replaced by [[SUIT: Browse DL-Protocols and templates |SUIT DL-Protocols]] and [[Instrumental: Browse DL-Protocols and templates |Instrumental DL-Protocols]] in [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/datlab/ DatLab 7.4]. Mark specifications allow the user to rename [[Marks - DatLab| Marks]] in the active plot and save/recall the settings. Rename marks individually by clicking into the horizontal bar, or use corresponding templates for renaming the entire sequence of marks. +
In '''Mark statistics''' one [[Plot - DatLab |Plot]] is selected as a source for [[Marks - DatLab|Marks]] over sections of time. Values (e.g. medians) are displayed for these time sections of the source plot and of all selected plots. +
'''Marks''' in [[DatLab]] define sections of a [[plot]] recorded over time. Marks are set by the [[user]] in real-time, or post-experimentally for basic level data analysis. Set Marks to obtain the median, average, standard deviation, [[Outlier index - DatLab |outlier index]] and range of the data within the mark, for calibration of the oxygen signal, flux analysis, or to delete marked data points. Marks are shown by a horizontal bar in the active plot. The default [[Mark names]] are given automatically in numerical sequence, independent for each plot. Rename marks individually by clicking into the horizontal bar, or use corresponding templates for renaming the entire sequence of marks. Several marks can be set on any plot. +
The component of the electron transfer system located in the mitochondrial matrix ('''matrix-ETS''') is distringuished from the ETS bound to the mt-inner membrane (membrane-ETS). Electron transfer and corresponding OXPHOS capacities are classically studied in mitochondrial preparations as oxygen consumption supported by various fuel substrates undergoing partial oxidation in the mt-matrix, such as pyruvate, malate, succinate, and others. +
A '''measurement process''' or a '''measurement''' is a set of operations to determine the value of a [[quantity]]. +
A '''measuring equipment''' is a measuring instrument, software, measurement standard, reference material or auxiliary apparatus, or a combination thereof, necessary to realize a measurement process. +
A '''medical device''' is an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component part, or accessory which is (1) intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals, or (2) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and which does not achieve any of its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its primary intended purposes. +
'''Melatonin''' (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, aMT) is a highly conserved molecule present in unicellular to vertebrate organisms. Melatonin is synthesized from tryptophan in the pinealocytes by the pineal gland and also is produced in other organs, tissues and fluids (extrapineal melatonin). Melatonin has lipophilic and hydrophilic nature which allows it to cross biological membranes. Therefore, melatonin is present in all subcellular compartments predominantly in the nucleus and mitochondria. Melatonin has pleiotropic functions with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and oncostatic effects with a wide spectrum of action particularly at the level of mitochondria. » [[#Melatonin and protection from mitochondrial damage |'''MiPNet article''']] +
The '''membrane-bound [[electron transfer pathway]] (mET pathway)''' consists in mitochondria mainly of [[respiratory complexes]] CI, CII, electron transferring flavoprotein complex (CETF), glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex (CGpDH), and choline dehydrogenase, with [[convergent electron flow]] at the [[Q-junction]] (Coenzyme Q), and the two downstream respiratory complexes connected by cytochrome ''c'', CIII and CIV, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor. The mET-pathway is the terminal (downstream) module of the mitochondrial [[ET pathway]] and can be isolated from the ET-pathway in [[submitochondrial particles]] (SmtP). +
'''Mersalyl''' (C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>17</sub>HgNO<sub>6</sub>) is an inhibitor of the [[Pi symporter]]. +
Metabolic control analysis is a science focused on the understanding of metabolic regulation and control. In metabolism, the reductionist approach has allowed us to know which enzymes, metabolites and genes are involved in a metabolic pathway but this is not enough to understand how it is controlled, resulting in poor results from attempts to increase the rates of selected metabolic pathways. The control of the metabolism is the capacity to alter the metabolic state in response to an external signal. With this definition in mind, we will assess the metabolic control in terms of the strength of any of the responses to the external factor without making the assumption about the function or purpose of that response[1].
====Bibliography:====
::1. David Fell. Frontiers in metabolism 2. Understanding the control of metabolism. Portland Press. 1997. +
A '''metabolic control variable''' ''X'' causes the transition between a [[background state]] Y (background rate ''Y<sub>X</sub>'') and a [[reference state]] Z (reference rate ''Z<sub>X</sub>''). ''X'' may be a stimulator or activator of flux, inducing the step change from background to reference steady state (Y to Z). Alternatively, ''X'' may be an inhibitor of flux, absent in the reference state but present in the background state (step change from Z to Y). +
The '''meter''', symbol m, is the SI unit of the SI base quantity [[length]] ''l''. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light ''c'' in vacuum to be 299 792 458 when expressed in the unit m·s<sup>−1</sup>, where the second is defined in terms of the caesium frequency Δ''ν''<sub>Cs</sub>. +
'''Metformin''' (dimethylbiguanide) is mainly known as an important antidiabetic drug which is effective, however, in a wide spectrum of degenerative diseases. It is an inhibitor of [[Complex I]] and [[glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex]]. +
'''Methylmalonic acid''' (Mma) is a common intermediate in many catabolic processes. In methylmalonic acidemia mitochondrial dysfunction can be observed, related to accumulation of Mma and associated with neurological symptoms. +
'''Metrology''' is the science of measurement, including all aspects both theoretical and practical with reference to measurements, whatever their uncertainty, and in whatever fields of science or technology they occur [SOURCE: VIM:1993, 2.2]. +
'''Mitochondrial Physiology - Historical Collection'''
'''Aims'''
The growing '''''MiP-Collection''''' aims at preserving scientific instruments that are of historical importance in the field of bioenergetics and mitochondrial physiology. The fast turnover of scientific equipment makes obsolete even comparatively recent instrumentation. The Oroboros O2k was the first commercial mitochondrial respirometer using a computer for data acquisition. Today, [[chart recorder]]s are nearly forgotten. Due to limitations of storage space, unused scientific equipment is disposed of, despite its potential historical value. The disposal of some unique apparatus constitutes an irreversible loss to science and society, and to the continued appreciation of the foundations of our scientific discipline.
You may consider to make items of scientific historical interest in mitochondrial physiology available to the ''MiP-Collection''. These items of the ''MiP-Collection'' may specifically include historically valuable
* equipment and accessories,
* books and symposium proceedings,
* reprint collections,
* pictures, slides, documents. +
'''Mitochondrial Preservation Medium, MiP03''', developed for preservation of [[isolated mitochondria]]. +
[[File:MiPMap Publication.jpg|left|240px|MiPMap]]
The project '''Mitochondrial Physiology Map''' (MiPMap) is initiated to provide an overview of mitochondrial properties in cell types, tissues and species. As part of Bioblast, '''MiPMap''' may be considered as an ''information synthase'' for '''Comparative Mitochondrial Physiology'''. Establishing a comprehensive database will require global input and cooperation.
''A comparative database of mitochondrial physiology may provide the key for understanding the functional implications of mitochondrial diversity from mouse to man, and evaluation of altered mitochondrial respiratory control patterns in health and disease'' ([[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]). +
MiPNet is the abbreviation for the OROBOROS Journal '''Mitochondrial Physiology Network''', including chapters of the [[O2k-Manual]], [[O2k-Procedures]], [[O2k-Workshops]], and other announcements, starting with MiPNet 01 in 1996. See also »[[MiPNet]]. +
[[Image:MiPsocietyLOGO.JPG|left|200px|link=http://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/Mitochondrial_Physiology_Society|MiP''society'']]
The '''Mitochondrial Physiology Society''' (MiP) has been founded to organize MiP''conferences'', MiP''schools'', and MiP''workshops'' worldwide. MiP has been founded at the Third Conference on Mitochondrial Physiology (MiP2003, Schroecken, Austria). The MiP''society'' is an international organization, based in Europe and operating world-wide. +
'''Mitochondrial respiration medium, MiR05''', developed for oxygraph incubations of [[mitochondrial preparations]]. Respiration of [[living cells]] may be assessed in MiR05 by adding pyruvate (P) as an external source. [[MiR06]] = MiR05 + catalase.
[[MiR05Cr]] = [[MiR05]] + creatine. +
[[File:MiR05-Kit.jpg|right|180px]] Mitochondrial Respiration Medium - MiR05-Kit, 1 vial; for a final volume of 250 mL +
Mitochondrial respiration medium, '''MiR05Cr''', developed for oxygraph incubations of mitochondrial preparations - ''[[permeabilized muscle fibers]]''.
MiR05Cr = [[MiR05]] + 20 mM [[Creatine|creatine]]. +
'''Mitochondrial respiration medium, [[MiPNet14.13 Medium-MiR06|MiR06]]''', developed for oxygraph incubations of [[mitochondrial preparations]]. MiR06 = MiR05 plus [[catalase]]. MiR06Cr = MiR06 plus [[creatine]]. +
Mitochondrial respiration medium, '''MiR06Cr''', developed for oxygraph incubations of mitochondrial preparations - ''[[permeabilized muscle fibers]]''.
MiR06Cr = [[MiR06]] + 20 mM [[Creatine|creatine]]. +
'''Mitochondrial respiration medium, MiRK03''', modified after a medium described by [[Komary 2010 Biochim Biophys Acta]], intended for use as medium for H2O2 production measurement with Amplex Red. +
[[Image:Microbalance_120 g.jpg|right|180px]]'''Microbalance''' max 120 g; 0.01 mg display; particularly for [[wet weight]] determination of [[permeabilized fibres]]. +
[[Image:Microbalance-Transport_Case.jpg|180px|right]]'''Microbalance transport case''', not suitable for shipping +
'''Microplate''' readers allow large numbers of sample reactions to be assayed in well format microtitre plates. The most common microplate format used in academic research laboratories or clinical diagnostic laboratories is 96-well (8 by 12 matrix) with a typical reaction volume between 100 and 200 µL per well. a wide range of applications involve the use of [[fluorescence]] measurements , although they can also be used in conjunction with [[absorbance]] measurements. +
[[Image:Hamilton Syringes for Manual Titration.jpg|right|180px]]Hamilton '''Microsyringe\10 mm<sup>3</sup> 51/0.13 mm''' for manual titrations, 10 mm<sup>3</sup> volume; fixed injection needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.13 mm inner diameter. +
[[Image:Microsyringe 100 mm3 51 0.41 mm - Kopie.JPG|right|180px]]Hamilton '''Microsyringe\100 mm<sup>3</sup> 51/0.41 mm''' for manual titrations, 100 mm<sup>3</sup> volume; fixed needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.41 mm inner diameter. It is recommended for injections of suspensions of isolated mitochondria. +
[[Image:Microsyringe200 mm3TIP2k.JPG|right|180px]]'''Microsyringe\200 mm3\TIP2k''': Microinjection syringe for [[Titration-Injection microPump]], 200 mm<sup>3</sup> (µl), fixed injection needle with rounded tip, with spacers. +
[[Image:Microsyringe 25 mm3 51 0.15 mm.JPG|right|180px]]Hamilton '''Microsyringe\25 mm<sup>3</sup> 51/0.15 mm''' for manual titrations, 25 mm<sup>3</sup> volume; fixed needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.15 mm inner diameter. +
[[Image:Microsyringe 100 mm3 51 0.41 mm - Kopie.JPG|right|180px]] Hamilton '''Microsyringe\50 mm<sup>3</sup> 51/0.15 mm''' for manual titrations, 50 mm<sup>3</sup> volume; fixed needle with rounded tip: 51 mm length, 0.15 mm inner diameter. +
[[Image:Microsyringe 500 mm3 TIP2k.JPG|right|180px]]'''Microsyringe\500 mm3\TIP2k''': Microinjection syringe for [[Titration-Injection microPump]], 500 mm<sup>3</sup> (µl), fixed injection needle with rounded tip, with spacers. +
'''Microxia''' (deep hypoxia) is obtained when trace amounts of O<sub>2</sub> exert a stimulatory effect on respiration above the level where metabolism is switched to a purely [[anaerobic]] mode. +
'''Bioactive mitObesity compounds''' are drugs and nutraceuticals with more or less reproducible beneficial effects in the treatment of diverse preventable degenerative diseases implicated in comorbidities linked to obesity, characterized by common mechanisms of action targeting mitochondria. +
[[File:MitoAction.JPG|230px]]The mission of '''MitoAction''' is to improve quality of life for all who are affected by mitochondrial disorders through support, education and advocacy initiatives. +
[[File:Mito Canada logo tag web2.png|200px|left|MitoCanada]]The '''MitoCanada Foundation'''.
The MitoCanada Foundation is Canada’s only not-for-profit organization focused on mitochondrial disease. Since its founding in 2010, MitoCanada has dedicated over $1 million to fund the work of leading Canadian scientists and to support national awareness and support programs.
The MitoCanada Foundation is committed to ensuring that those who live with mitochondrial disease are able to enjoy the best possible quality of life until there is a cure. +
The '''MitoFit DOI Data Center''' is responsible for the provision of digital identifiers, for the storage and ensuring the persistence of the scientific objects, the provision of access, review process and maintenance of the Metadata, and quality control. +
[[File:MitoFit Preprints.png|left|200px|link=MitoFit Preprints]] '''MitoFit Preprints''' is an Open Access preprint server for mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. +
'''MitoFit protocols''' are moderated by the [[MitoFit moderators]] (MitoFit team), either as protocols with direct reference to publications available to the scientific communicty, or protocols additionally described and made available in Bioblast with full information on authors (including contact details), author contributions, and editor (moderator) in charge. This aims at a comprehensive [[MitoFit data repository]], which will require global input and cooperation. +
'''MitoFit registered projects''' are announced with reference to [[MitoFit protocols]] as [[publicly deposited protocols]]. Project registration is a two-phase process. Guidelines will be defined. (''1'') Pre-registration of a project requires submission to a MitoFit moderator (editor), including protocol details with reference to MitoPedia protocols, or with submission of protocols for publication (Open Access) in MitoPedia. The MitoFit (Bioblast) editors will edit the submitted protocols (layout) and insert into Bioblast submitted pre-registrations and protocols. (''2'') MitoFit moderators (editors) will set up a [[MitoFit accreditation panel]], in which the registrant will be included (perhaps not in the long run, to avoid conflict of interests) and/or for which the registrant can suggest delegates (compare peer review). Accredited [[MitoFit protocols]] are labelled as [[MitoFit accredited]], and the pre-registered MitoFit project becomes labelled and listed as '''MitoFit registered project''' (MitoFit accredited). This is possible before (advance registration), during progress, and after completion of a study (post-registration). A MitoFit registered project receives a code for feeding data into the [[MitoFit data repository]]. +
[[File:MITOKIT-CII.jpg|right|180px]]'''Cell permeable prodrugs''', composed of [[MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv]] and [[MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv]], stimulates (Snv) or inhibits (Mnanv) mitochondrial respiration in CI-deficient human blood cells, fibroblasts and heart fibres, acting on Complex II of the electron transfer system. +
'''MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv''' (diacetoxymethyl malonate) is a plasma membrane-permeable prodrug (permeable malonate; Mnanv) that diffuses across the plasma membrane. Cleavage of diacetoxymethyl groups is mediated by intracellular esterases, thus releasing [[malonate]] in the intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-161-s2 +
'''MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv''' (diacetoxymethyl succinate) is a plasma membrane-permeable prodrug (permeable succinate; Snv) that diffuses across the plasma membrane. Cleavage of diacetoxymethyl groups is mediated by intracellular esterases, thus releasing [[succinate]] in the intracellular space. Abliva #: 01-118-s4 +
'''Mitochondrial respiration medium, MitoOx1,''' used by the Budapest groups for respirometry und Amplex Red trials. +
'''Mitochondrial respiration medium, MitoOx2''', developed for oxygraph incubations of [[mitochondrial preparations]] to measure the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production. MitoOx2 yields a higher optical sensitivity and lower "drift" (oxidation of the fluorophore precurcor without H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> present) for Amplex UltraRed(R) than e.g. [[MiR05|MiR05]]. +
'''MitoSOX<sup>TM</sup>''' is the version of the [[Dihydroethidium|hydroetidine]] designed to target mitochondria in live cells for the detection of [[superoxide]] (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•-</sup>). The oxidation of the compound by O<sub>2</sub><sup>•-</sup> is easily detected in the red spectrum. One of the advantages of MitoSOX<sup>TM</sup> is its selectivity for O<sub>2</sub><sup>•-</sup> but not for other [[Reactive oxygen species|reactive oxygen species]] or [[Reactive nitrogen species|reactive nitrogen species]].
::::• Readily '''oxidized by superoxide''' but not by other ROS- or RNS-generating systems
::::• '''Absorption/emission maxima''': ~510/580 nm
::::• Use for '''live cell imaging'''
::::• Rapidly and selectively '''targeted to the mitochondria'''
'''MitoSOX<sup>TM</sup>''' has been widely used in life cell imaging but it is not free of problems and should be used cautiously. For example, it has been highlighted that the use of potentiometric dyes which accumulates into the mitochondria due to its moiety with [[Tetraphenylphosphonium]], confers a membrane potential sensitivity that creates a series of artifacts and problems not often considered. +
'''Mitochondria''' (Greek ''mitos'': thread; ''chondros'': granule) are small structures within cells, which function in cell respiration as powerhouses or batteries. Mitochondria belong to the '''[[bioblasts]]''' of Richard Altmann. Abbreviation: mt, as generally used in mtDNA. Singular: mitochondrion (bioblast); plural: mitochondria (bioblasts). +
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[[File:MIG.gif|128 px|left]]
The '''Mitochondria Interest Group''' (MIG) is an Inter-Institute Interest Group at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), with members worldwide! MIG is concerned with all aspects of the mitochondrion and diseases in which the mitochondrion is involved. We hold monthly meetings, usually on the second Monday of the month (except when it is a Federal holiday or other special exceptions).
[email protected] is an Email list moderated by Ph.D. Steven Zullo as an interactive information platform, with free subscritpion to this mitochondrial network. List members are reminded of their responsibility to critically evaluate the content of the postings. The information, opinions, data, and statements contained herein are not necessarily those of the U. S. Government, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), or MIG and should not be interpreted, acted on or represented as such. +
[[File:MRS LOGO.JPG|250px|left]]
The '''Mitochondria Research Society''' (MRS) is a nonprofit international organization of scientists and physicians. The purpose of MRS is to find a cure for mitochondrial diseases by promoting research on basic science of mitochondria, mitochondrial pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment through out the world. +
[[File:21640 - Mitochondria Targeted Therapeutics logo NEW.jpg|200px|left|Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Development]]
The '''Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Development Summit''' was first established in 2021, as an online conference. Due to its success and unmatched focus, the 2<sup>nd</sup> edition returns to Boston this March 2022.
This is the only industry-led meeting that unites key stakeholders under a mutual and ambitious objective of '''accelerating the discovery and development of novel drugs that target mitochondrial functions''' for chronic, primary mitochondrial diseases, muscular dystrophy, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Join our speakers from '''GenSight Biologics, Abliva, Reneo Pharma, Mito BioPharma, Mitokinin''' and more with exciting networking opportunities, panel discussions and dedicated roundtables. +
The '''mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K<sup>+</sup> channel''' (mtK<sub>ATP</sub> or mitoK<sub>ATP</sub>). +
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,-20physiological-20control-20of-20energy-20demand,-20and-20limitation-20by-20the-20OXPHOS-20capacity.){kind=link}
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-20or-20inhibits-20(Mnanv)-20mitochondrial-20respiration-20in-20CI-2Ddeficient-20human-20blood-20cells,-20fibroblasts-20and-20heart-20fibres,-20acting-20on-20Complex-20II-20of-20the-20electron-20transfer-20system.){kind=link}
-20is-20a-20nonprofit-20international-20organization-20of-20scientists-20and-20-20physicians.-20The-20purpose-20of-20MRS-20is-20to-20find-20a-20cure-20for-20mitochondrial-20diseases-20by-20-20promoting-20research-20on-20basic-20science-20of-20mitochondria,-20mitochondrial-20pathogenesis,-20-20prevention,-20diagnosis-20and-20treatment-20through-20out-20the-20world.){kind=link}
