Mitochondrial marker: Difference between revisions
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|abbr=mt-marker | |abbr=mt-marker | ||
|description='''Mitochondrial marker'''s are structural or functional properties that are specific for mitochondria. In [[isolated mitochondria]], protein can be determined as a measure of amount of mitochondria or mt-concentration [mg mt-protein/ml]. However, protein cannot be used as a mt-biomarker in other [[mitochondrial preparations]]. A structural mt-marker is the area of the inner mt-membrane or mt-volume determined stereologically, which has its limitations due to different states of swelling. If mt-area is determined by electron microscopy, the statistical challenge has to be met to convert area into a volume. When fluorescent dyes are used as mt-marker, distinction is necessary between mt-membrane potential dependent and independent dyes. mtDNA or cardiolipin content may be considered as a mt-marker. Determination of [[mitochondrial marker enzymes]] may be molecular (amount of protein) or functional (enzyme activities). Respiratory capacity in a defined respiratory state of a mt-preparation can be considered as a functional mt-marker, in which case respiration is expressed as [[flux control ratio]]s. | |description='''Mitochondrial marker'''s are structural or functional properties that are specific for mitochondria. In [[isolated mitochondria]], protein can be determined as a measure of amount of mitochondria or mt-concentration [mg mt-protein/ml]. However, protein cannot be used as a mt-biomarker in other [[mitochondrial preparations]]. A structural mt-marker is the area of the inner mt-membrane or mt-volume determined stereologically, which has its limitations due to different states of swelling. If mt-area is determined by electron microscopy, the statistical challenge has to be met to convert area into a volume. When fluorescent dyes are used as mt-marker, distinction is necessary between mt-membrane potential dependent and independent dyes. mtDNA or cardiolipin content may be considered as a mt-marker. Determination of [[mitochondrial marker enzymes]] may be molecular (amount of protein) or functional (enzyme activities). Respiratory capacity in a defined respiratory state of a mt-preparation can be considered as a functional mt-marker, in which case respiration is expressed as [[flux control ratio]]s. » [[Mitochondrial marker#Mitochondrial markers and expression of mitochondrial respiration| '''MiPNet article''']] | ||
|info=[[Gnaiger 2014 MitoPathways]] | |info=[[Gnaiger 2014 MitoPathways]] | ||
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= Mitochondrial markers and expression of mitochondrial respiration = | |||
{{Publication | |||
|title=Gnaiger E (2014) Mitochondrial markers and expression of mitochondrial respiration. Mitochondr Physiol Network 2014-07-26. | |||
|info= | |||
|authors=OROBOROS | |||
|year=2014-07-26 | |||
|journal=MiPNet | |||
|abstract=Respiratory performance capacity of an organism, tissue or cell may change due to a change in size, concentration of functional elements (biomarker density) or element function (mt-specific function). | |||
|mipnetlab=AT Innsbruck Gnaiger E | |||
}} | |||
{{Labeling | |||
|instruments=Theory | |||
}} | |||
== Biomarkers == | == Biomarkers == | ||
[[File:Structure-function.jpg|thumb|400px|From [[Gnaiger 2014 MitoPathways]].]] | |||
Markers for '''size''' are volume, mass, area. If mass is not expressed as total mass but as protein mass, then a physical marker of size is replaced by a biochemical marker. Determination of the size of a system under investigation always requires definition of the system. The system (subject) whose phenotype is studied may be an organism, a tissue or a cell. The biochemical marker total protein can be replaced by a specific protein, e.g. by a marker enzyme.<ref> Renner K, Amberger A, Konwalinka G, Kofler R, Gnaiger E (2003) Changes of mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial content and cell size after induction of apoptosis in leukemia cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1642: 115-23. [[Renner_2003_Biochim Biophys Acta |»PMID: 12972300]] </ref> A biomarker can be considered as a functional element. Expressing performance (''I''<sub>O2</sub>, oxygen flow per biological system) per size yields specific performance (''J''<sub>O2</sub>, oxygen flux = flow per system size) in an unstructured analysis.<ref> Gnaiger E (1993) Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of energy transformations. Pure Appl Chem 65: 1983-2002. [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem |»Open Access]] </ref> A biomarker introduces a structural (and functional) element into the analysis. Therefore, expressing performance (''I''<sub>O2</sub>) per functional element (biomarker) yields marker-specific performance (''J''<sub>mt,O2</sub>, mt-specific oxygen flux = flow per mt-marker) in a structured analysis.<ref> Gnaiger E (2014) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 4th ed. Mitochondr Physiol Network 19.12. OROBOROS MiPNet Publications, Innsbruck: 64 pp. [[Gnaiger 2014 MitoPathways |»Open Access]] </ref> | |||
When replacing an enzyme activity by the respiratory activity in a defined respiratory state as a biomarker, then flow per mt-marker becomes a flux control ratio (''FCR'').<ref> Gnaiger E (2009) Capacity of oxidative phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. New perspectives of mitochondrial physiology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41: 1837-45. [[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol |»PMID: 19467914]] </ref>,<ref> Pesta D, Hoppel F, Macek C, Messner H, Faulhaber M, Kobel C, Parson W, Burtscher M, Schocke M, Gnaiger E (2011) Similar qualitative and quantitative changes of mitochondrial respiration following strength and endurance training in normoxia and hypoxia in sedentary humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301: R1078–87. [[Pesta 2011 Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol |»Open Access]] </ref> Expressing structure by functional markers is without problem as long as the structure in question does not undergo any functional (qualitative) changes. | |||
When replacing an enzyme activity by the respiratory activity in a defined respiratory state as a biomarker, then flow per mt-marker becomes a flux control ratio (''FCR''). Expressing structure by functional markers is without problem as long as the structure in question does not undergo any functional (qualitative) changes | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | |||
>> [[O2k-Protocols: mitochondrial and marker-enzymes]] | >> [[O2k-Protocols: mitochondrial and marker-enzymes]] | ||
* [[Larsen 2012 J Physiol]] | * [[Larsen 2012 J Physiol]] | ||
Revision as of 12:36, 26 July 2014
- high-resolution terminology - matching measurements at high-resolution
Mitochondrial marker
Description
Mitochondrial markers are structural or functional properties that are specific for mitochondria. In isolated mitochondria, protein can be determined as a measure of amount of mitochondria or mt-concentration [mg mt-protein/ml]. However, protein cannot be used as a mt-biomarker in other mitochondrial preparations. A structural mt-marker is the area of the inner mt-membrane or mt-volume determined stereologically, which has its limitations due to different states of swelling. If mt-area is determined by electron microscopy, the statistical challenge has to be met to convert area into a volume. When fluorescent dyes are used as mt-marker, distinction is necessary between mt-membrane potential dependent and independent dyes. mtDNA or cardiolipin content may be considered as a mt-marker. Determination of mitochondrial marker enzymes may be molecular (amount of protein) or functional (enzyme activities). Respiratory capacity in a defined respiratory state of a mt-preparation can be considered as a functional mt-marker, in which case respiration is expressed as flux control ratios. » MiPNet article
Abbreviation: mt-marker
Reference: Gnaiger 2014 MitoPathways
MitoPedia methods:
Respirometry
Mitochondrial markers and expression of mitochondrial respiration
| Gnaiger E (2014) Mitochondrial markers and expression of mitochondrial respiration. Mitochondr Physiol Network 2014-07-26. |
Abstract: Respiratory performance capacity of an organism, tissue or cell may change due to a change in size, concentration of functional elements (biomarker density) or element function (mt-specific function).
• O2k-Network Lab: AT Innsbruck Gnaiger E
Labels:
HRR: Theory
Biomarkers
Markers for size are volume, mass, area. If mass is not expressed as total mass but as protein mass, then a physical marker of size is replaced by a biochemical marker. Determination of the size of a system under investigation always requires definition of the system. The system (subject) whose phenotype is studied may be an organism, a tissue or a cell. The biochemical marker total protein can be replaced by a specific protein, e.g. by a marker enzyme.[1] A biomarker can be considered as a functional element. Expressing performance (IO2, oxygen flow per biological system) per size yields specific performance (JO2, oxygen flux = flow per system size) in an unstructured analysis.[2] A biomarker introduces a structural (and functional) element into the analysis. Therefore, expressing performance (IO2) per functional element (biomarker) yields marker-specific performance (Jmt,O2, mt-specific oxygen flux = flow per mt-marker) in a structured analysis.[3]
When replacing an enzyme activity by the respiratory activity in a defined respiratory state as a biomarker, then flow per mt-marker becomes a flux control ratio (FCR).[4],[5] Expressing structure by functional markers is without problem as long as the structure in question does not undergo any functional (qualitative) changes.
References
- ↑ Renner K, Amberger A, Konwalinka G, Kofler R, Gnaiger E (2003) Changes of mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial content and cell size after induction of apoptosis in leukemia cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1642: 115-23. »PMID: 12972300
- ↑ Gnaiger E (1993) Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of energy transformations. Pure Appl Chem 65: 1983-2002. »Open Access
- ↑ Gnaiger E (2014) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 4th ed. Mitochondr Physiol Network 19.12. OROBOROS MiPNet Publications, Innsbruck: 64 pp. »Open Access
- ↑ Gnaiger E (2009) Capacity of oxidative phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. New perspectives of mitochondrial physiology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41: 1837-45. »PMID: 19467914
- ↑ Pesta D, Hoppel F, Macek C, Messner H, Faulhaber M, Kobel C, Parson W, Burtscher M, Schocke M, Gnaiger E (2011) Similar qualitative and quantitative changes of mitochondrial respiration following strength and endurance training in normoxia and hypoxia in sedentary humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301: R1078–87. »Open Access
