Search by property

This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

Motive unit + (The '''motive unit''' [MU] is the variable … The '''motive unit''' [MU] is the variable SI unit in which the [[motive entity]] (transformant) of a transformation is expressed, which depends on the energy transformation under study and on the chosen [[format]]. Fundamental MU for electrochemical transformations are:* MU = x, for the particle or molecular format, ''N''* MU = mol, for the chemical or molar format, ''n''* MU = C, for the electrical format, ''e''; For the [[protonmotive force]] the motive entity is the proton with charge number ''z''=1. The protonmotive force is expressed in the electrical or molar format with MU J/C=V or J/mol=Jol, respectively. The conjugated flows, ''I'', are expressed in corresponding electrical or molar formats, C/s = A or mol/s, respectively.The [[charge number]], ''z'', has to be considered in the conversion of motive units (compare Table below), if a change not only of units but a transition between the entity [[elementary charge]] and an entity with charge number different from unity is involved (''e.g.'', O2 with ''z''=4 in a redox reaction). The ratio of elementary charges per reacting O2 molecule (''z''O2=4) is multiplied by the elementary charge (''e'', coulombs per proton), which yields coulombs per O2 [C∙x-1]. This in turn is multiplied with the [[Avogadro constant]], ''N''A (O2 molecules per mole O2 [x∙mol-1]), thus obtaining for ''zeN''A the ratio of elementary charges [C] per amount of O2 [mol-1]. The conversion factor for O2 is 385.94132 C∙mmol-1., thus obtaining for ''zeN''A the ratio of elementary charges [C] per amount of O2 [mol-1]. The conversion factor for O2 is 385.94132 C∙mmol-1.)
Ordinate + (The '''ordinate''' is the vertical axis ''y'' of a rectangular two-dimensional graph with the [[abscissa]] ''x'' as the horizontal axis. Values ''Y'' are placed vertically from the origin. See [[Ordinary Y/X regression |Ordinary ''Y''/''X'' regression]].)
Oxycaloric equivalent + (The '''oxycaloric equivalent''' is the the … The '''oxycaloric equivalent''' is the theoretically derived enthalpy change of the oxidative catabolic reactions per amount of oxygen respired, Deltak''H''O2, ranging from -430 to -480 kJ/mol O2. The oxycaloric equivalent is used in [[indirect calorimetry]] to calculate the theoretically expected metabolic heat flux from the respirometrically measured metabolic oxygen flux. [[Calorespirometric ratio|Calorimetric/respirometric ratios]] (CR ratios; heat/oxygen flux ratios) are experimentally determined by [[calorespirometry]]. A CR ratio more exothermic than the oxycaloric equivalent of -480 kJ/mol indicates the simultaneous involvement of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism.ltaneous involvement of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism.)
Oxygen signal + (The '''oxygen signal''' of the [[Oroboros O2k]] … The '''oxygen signal''' of the [[Oroboros O2k]] is transmitted from the electrochemical polarographic oxygen sensor ([[OroboPOS]]) for each of the two O2k-chambers to [[DatLab]]. The primary signal is a current [µA] which is converted into a voltage [V] (raw signal), and calibrated in SI units for amount of substance concentration [µmol·L-1 or µM]. For technical reasons, the raw signal is given in [V] (DatLab 7 and previous) or [µA] (DatLab 8). The value of the raw signal is the same, independent of the displayed unit ([V] or [µA]). In the following sections, only [µA] is used for information on the raw signal, but the same values in [V] apply for the raw signal when using DL7 or previous versions.or the raw signal when using DL7 or previous versions.)
Oxygen solubility factor + (The '''oxygen solubility factor''' of the … The '''oxygen solubility factor''' of the incubation medium, ''F''M, expresses the effect of the salt concentration on [[oxygen solubility]] relative to pure water. In mitochondrial respiration medium [[MiR05]], [[MiR05-Kit]] and [[MiR06]], ''F''M is 0.92 (determined at 30 and 37 °C) and in culture media is 0.89 (at 37 °C). ''F''M varies depending on the temperature and composition of the medium. To determine the FM based on the oxygen concentration, specific methods and equipment are needed (see references Rasmussen HN, Rasmussen UF 2003 in [https://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/MiPNet06.03_POS-calibration-SOP MiPNet06.03]). For other media, ''F''M may be estimated using Table 4 in [https://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/MiPNet06.03_POS-calibration-SOP MiPNet06.03]. For this purpose KCl based media can be described as "seawater" of varying salinity. The original data on sucrose and KCl-media (Reynafarje et al 1985), however, have been critizesed as artefacts and the ''F''M of 0.92 is suggested in the temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C as for MiR05.M of 0.92 is suggested in the temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C as for MiR05.)
Oxygen solubility + (The '''oxygen solubility''', ''S''<sub& … The '''oxygen solubility''', ''S''O2 [µM/kPa] = [(µmol·L-1)/kPa], expresses the oxygen concentration in solution in equilibrium with the [[oxygen pressure]] in a gas phase, as a function of temperature and composition of the solution. The inverse of oxygen solubility is related to the [[activity]] of dissolved oxygen. The oxygen solubility in solution, ''S''O2(aq), depends on temperature and the concentrations of solutes in solution, whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration at equilibrium with air, ''c''O2*(aq), depends on ''S''O2(aq), barometric pressure and temperature. ''S''O2(aq) in pure water is 10.56 µM/kPa at 37 °C and 12.56 µM/kPa at 25 °C. At standard [[barometric pressure]] (100 kPa), ''c''O2*(aq) is 207.3 µM at 37 °C (19.6 kPa partial oxygen pressure) or 254.7 µM at 25 °C (20.3 kPa partial oxygen pressure). In [[MiR05]] and serum, the corresponding saturation concentrations are lower due to the [[oxygen solubility factor]]: 191 and 184 µM at 37 °C or 234 and 227 µM at 25 °C.lubility factor]]: 191 and 184 µM at 37 °C or 234 and 227 µM at 25 °C.)
PH + (The '''pH value''' or pH is the negative o … The '''pH value''' or pH is the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the [[activity]] of [[proton]]s (hydrogen ions, H+). A [[pH electrode]] reports the pH and is sensitive to the activity of H+. In dilute solutions, the hydrogen ion activity is approximately equal to the hydrogen ion [[concentration]]. The symbol pH stems from the term ''potentia hydrogenii''.[[concentration]]. The symbol pH stems from the term ''potentia hydrogenii''.)
Partial oxygen pressure + (The '''partial oxygen pressure''' ''p''< … The '''partial oxygen pressure''' ''p''O2 [kPa] is the contribution of the O2 gas pressure to the total gas pressure. According to the gas law, the partial oxygen pressure is ''p''O2(g) = ''n''O2(g)·''V''·''RT'', where the [[concentration]] is ''c''O2(g) = ''n''O2(g)·''V''-1 [mol·m-3], ''R'' is the [[gas constant]], and ''T'' is the absolute temperature, and ''RT'' is expressed in units of chemical force [J·mol-1]. In aqueous solutions at equilibrium with a gas phase, the partial O2 pressures are equal in the aqueous phase (aq) and gas phase (g), ''p''O2(aq) = ''p''O2(g) at total [[pressure]]s where the partial pressure equals the fugacity. The O2 concentration in the aqueous phase, however, is much lower than in the gas phase, due to the low [[oxygen solubility]] in water. The activity of dissolved O2 is expressed by the ''p''O2, where the [[solubility]] can be seen as an activity coefficient.ubility]] can be seen as an activity coefficient.)
Particle charge + (The '''particle charge''' ''QN& … The '''particle charge''' ''QNX'' (''QNX'') or charge per elementary entity is the [[charge]] ''Q''el''X'' [C] carried by ions of type ''X'' divided by the count ''NX'' [x]. The particle charge per proton is the [[elementary charge]] or proton charge ''e''.[[elementary charge]] or proton charge ''e''.)
Pascal + (The '''pascal''' [Pa] is the SI unit for [[pressure]] … The '''pascal''' [Pa] is the SI unit for [[pressure]]. [Pa] = [J·m-3] = [N·m-2] = [m-1·kg·s-2].The standard pressure is 100 kPa = 1 bar (105 Pa; 1 kPa = 1000 Pa). Prior to 1982 the standard pressure has been defined as 101.325 kPa or 1 standard atmosphere (1 atm = 760 mmHg).982 the standard pressure has been defined as 101.325 kPa or 1 standard atmosphere (1 atm = 760 mmHg).)
Phosphate carrier + (The '''phosphate carrier''' (PiC) is a pro … The '''phosphate carrier''' (PiC) is a proton/phosphate symporter which transports negatively charged [[inorganic phosphate]] across the inner mt-membrane. The transport can be described either as symport of H+ with Pi, or antiport of hydroxide anion against Pi. The phosphate carrier is a component of the [[phosphorylation system]].[[phosphorylation system]].)
Primary sample + (The '''primary sample''' or '''specimen''' … The '''primary sample''' or '''specimen''' is a set of one or more parts initially taken from an object. In some countries, the term “specimen” is used instead of primary sample (or a subsample of it), which is the sample prepared for sending to, or as received by, the laboratory and which is intended for examination.ory and which is intended for examination.)
Protonmotive force + (The '''protonmotive force''' ∆m … The '''protonmotive force''' ∆m''F''H+ is known as Δp in Peter Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory [1], which establishes the link between electric and chemical components of energy transformation and coupling in [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. The unifying concept of the ''pmF'' ranks among the most fundamental theories in biology. As such, it provides the framework for developing a consistent theory and nomenclature for mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. The protonmotive force is not a vector force as defined in physics. This conflict is resolved by the generalized formulation of isomorphic, compartmental [[force]]s, ∆tr''F'', in energy (exergy) transformations [2]. Protonmotive means that there is a potential for the movement of protons, and force is a measure of the potential for motion.The ''pmF'' is generated in [[oxidative phosphorylation]] by oxidation of reduced fuel substrates and reduction of O2 to H2O, driving the coupled proton translocation from the mt-matrix space across the mitochondrial inner membrane (mtIM) through the proton pumps of the [[electron transfer pathway]] (ETS), which are known as respiratory Complexes CI, CIII and CIV. ∆m''F''H+ consists of two partial isomorphic forces: (''1'') The chemical part, ∆d''F''H+, relates to the diffusion (d) of uncharged particles and contains the chemical potential difference§ in H+, ∆''µ''H+, which is proportional to the pH difference, ∆pH. (''2'') The electric part, ∆el''F''p+ (corresponding numerically to ∆''Ψ'')§, is the electric potential difference§, which is not specific for H+ and can, therefore, be measured by the distribution of any permeable cation equilibrating between the negative (matrix) and positive (external) compartment. Motion is relative and not absolute (Principle of Galilean Relativity); likewise there is no absolute potential, but isomorphic forces are stoichiometric potential differences§.The total motive force (motive = electric + chemical) is distinguished from the partial components by subscript ‘m’, ∆m''F''H+. Reading this symbol by starting with the proton, it can be seen as ''pmF'', or the subscript m (motive) can be remembered by the name of Mitchell, ∆m''F''H+ = ∆d''F''H+ + ∆el''F''p+With classical symbols, this equation contains the [[Faraday constant]], ''F'', multiplied implicitly by the charge number of the proton (''z''H+ = 1), and has the form [1] ∆p = ∆''µ''H+∙''F''-1 + ∆''Ψ''A partial electric force of 0.2 V in the electrical [[format]], ∆el''F''''e''H+''a'', is 19 kJ∙mol-1 H+''a'' in the molar format, ∆el''F''''n''p+''a''. For 1 unit of ∆pH, the partial chemical force changes by -5.9 kJ∙mol-1 in the molar format, ∆d''F''''n''H+''a'', and by 0.06 V in the electrical format, ∆d''F''''e''H+''a''. Considering a driving force of -470 kJ∙mol-1 O2 for oxidation, the thermodynamic limit of the H+''a''/O2 ratio is reached at a value of 470/19 = 24, compared to the mechanistic stoichiometry of 20 for the [[N-pathway]] with three coupling sites.)
Protonmotive pressure + (The '''protonmotive pressure''', ∆<sub& … The '''protonmotive pressure''', ∆m''Π''H+ or ''pmP'' [kPa], is an extension of Peter Mitchell’s concept of the [[protonmotive force]] ''pmF'', based on Fick’s law of diffusion and Einstein’s diffusion equation, accounting for osmotic pressure (corresponding to the diffusion term in the ''pmF'') and electric pressure (the electric term or membrane potential in the ''pmF''). The linearity of the generalized flow-pressure relationship explains the non-ohmic flow-force dependence in the proton leak rate as a function of membrane potential.The total motive pressure (motive = electric + chemical) is distinguished from the partial components by subscript ‘m’, ∆m''Π''H+, ∆m''Π''H+ = ∆d''Π''H+ + ∆el''Π''p+ub>''Π''H+ = ∆d''Π''H+ + ∆el''Π''p+)
Raw signal of the oxygen sensor + (The '''raw signal''' of the polarographic … The '''raw signal''' of the polarographic oxygen sensor is the [[current]] ''I''el [µA], 1 µA = 10-6 C·s-1, (DatLab 8) or the electric potential difference ([[voltage]]) [V], 1 V = 1 J·C-1, obtained after a current-to-voltage conversion in the O2k (DatLab 7 and previous versions).btained after a current-to-voltage conversion in the O2k (DatLab 7 and previous versions).)
Reference state + (The '''reference state''' Z (reference rat … The '''reference state''' Z (reference rate ''ZX'') is the respiratory state with high flux in relation to the [[background state]] Y with low background flux ''YX''. The transition between the background state and the reference state is a step brought about by a [[metabolic control variable]] ''X''. If ''X'' stimulates flux (ADP, fuel substrate), it is present in the reference state but absent in the background state. If ''X'' is an inhibitor of flux, it is absent in the reference state but present in the background state. The reference state is specific for a single step to define the [[flux control efficiency]]. In contrast, in a sequence of multiple steps, the common reference state is frequently taken as the state with the highest flux in the entire sequence, as used in the definition of the [[flux control ratio]].[[flux control ratio]].)
Respiratory acceptor control ratio + (The '''respiratory acceptor control ratio' … The '''respiratory acceptor control ratio''' (''RCR'') is defined as [[State 3]]/[[State 4]] [1]. If State 3 is measured at saturating [ADP], ''RCR'' is the inverse of the OXPHOS control ratio, ''[[L/P]]'' (when State 3 is equivalent to the OXPHOS state, ''P''). ''RCR'' is directly but non-linearly related to the [[P-L control efficiency |''P-L'' control efficiency]], ''j''''P-L'' = 1-''L/P'', with boundaries from 0.0 to 1.0. In contrast, ''RCR'' ranges from 1.0 to infinity, which needs to be considered when performing statistical analyses. In living cells, the term ''RCR'' has been used for the ratio [[State 3u]]/[[State 4o]], i.e. for the inverse ''[[L/E]]'' ratio [2,3]. Then for conceptual and statistical reasons, ''RCR'' should be replaced by the [[E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]], 1-''L/E'' [4].[[E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]], 1-''L/E'' [4].)
Signal-to-noise ratio + (The '''signal to noise ratio''' is the ratio of the power of the signal to that of the noise. For example, in [[fluorimetry]] it would be the ratio of the square of the [[fluorescence]] intensity to the square of the intensity of the background noise.)
Slit width + (The '''slit width''' determines the amount of light entering the [[spectrofluorometer]] or [[spectrophotometer]]. A larger slit reduces the [[signal-to-noise ratio]] but reduces the wavelength [[resolution]].)
Solubility + (The '''solubility''' of a gas, ''S''G, is defined as concentration divided by partial pressure, ''S''G = ''c''G·''p''G-1.)
SUIT reference protocol + (The '''substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titra … The '''substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration ([[SUIT]]) reference protocol''', SUIT RP, provides a common baseline for comparison of mitochondrial respiratory control in a large variety of species, tissues and cell types, mt-preparations and laboratories, for establishing a database on comparative mitochondrial phyisology. The SUIT RP consists of two [[harmonized SUIT protocols]] ([[SUIT-001]] - RP1 and [[SUIT-002]] - RP2). These are coordinated such that they can be statistically evaluated as replicate measurements of [[cross-linked respiratory states]], while additional information is obtained when the two protocols are conducted in parallel. Therefore, these harmonized SUIT protocols are complementary with their focus on specific respiratory coupling and pathway control aspects, extending previous strategies for respirometrc OXPHOS analysis.: [[SUIT-001]] (RP1): 1PM;2D;2c;3U;4G;5S;6Oct;7Rot;8Gp;9Ama;10Tm;11Azd: [[SUIT-002]] (RP2): 1D;2OctM;2c;3P;4G;5S;6Gp;7U;8Rot;9Ama;10Tm;11AzdtM;2c;3P;4G;5S;6Gp;7U;8Rot;9Ama;10Tm;11Azd)
Mitochondrial transcription factor A + (The '''transcription factor A''' is a gene … The '''transcription factor A''' is a gene that encodes a mitochondrial transcription factor that is a key activator of mitochondrial transcription as well as a participant in mitochondrial genome replication. TFAM is downstream of [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha|PGC-1alpha]].[[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha|PGC-1alpha]].)
Tricarboxylate carrier + (The '''tricarboxylate carrier''' in the inner mt-membrane exchanges malate2- for citrate3- or isocitrate3-, with co-transport of H+.)
Tricarboxylic acid cycle + (The '''tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle''' i … The '''tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle''' is a system of enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix arranged in a cyclic metabolic structure, including dehydrogenases that converge in the NADH pool and [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (on the inner side of the inner mt-membrane) for entry into the membrane-bound ET pathway [[Membrane-bound ET pathway|mET pathway]]. [[Citrate synthase]] is a marker enzyme of the TCA cycle, at the gateway into the cycle from [[pyruvate]] via [[acetyl-CoA]]. It is thus the major module of the [[Electron transfer pathway]], upstream of the inner [[Membrane-bound ET pathway|Membrane-bound ET pathway]] (mET-pathway) and downstream of the [[Mitochondrial outer membrane|outer mt-membrane]]. Sections of TCA cycle are required for [[fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO, β-oxidation). [[Anaplerosis|Anaplerotic reactions]] fuel the TCA cycle with other intermediary metabolites. In the cell, the TCA cycle serves also biosynthetic functions by metabolite export from the matrix into the cytosol.e export from the matrix into the cytosol.)
Uncoupling-control ratio + (The '''uncoupling-control ratio''' UCR is … The '''uncoupling-control ratio''' UCR is the ratio of ET-pathway/ROUTINE-respiration (''E/R'') in living cells, evaluated by careful [[uncoupler]] titrations ([[Steinlechner-Maran 1996 Am J Physiol Cell Physiol|Steinlechner et al 1996]]). Compare [[ROUTINE-control ratio]] (''R/E'') [[Gnaiger 2008 POS|(Gnaiger 2008)]].[[Gnaiger 2008 POS|(Gnaiger 2008)]].)
Journal volume + (The '''volume''' of a journal or periodica … The '''volume''' of a journal or periodical is a number, which in many cases indicates the sequential number of years the journal has been published. Alternatively, the volume number may indicate the current year, independent of the year in which the journal published its first volume. A volume may be subdivided into [[Journal issue |issues]].[[Journal issue |issues]].)
Wet mass + (The '''wet mass''' of a tissue or biological sample, obtained after blotting the sample to remove an arbitrary amount of water adhering externally to the sample.)
Permeability transition pore + (The (mitochondrial, mt) permeability trans … The (mitochondrial, mt) permeability transition pore (PTP) is an unspecific pore presumed to involve components of both the inner and outer mt membrane which upon opening induces a massive increase of the inner mt membrane permeability for solutes up to 1.5 kDa. It is crucially involved in cell death induction in response to, among other stimuli, radical stress and/or calcium overload and may cause necrosis or apoptosis. It plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and possibly various other diseases. Previously considered essential molecular constituents such as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) and cyclophilin D (CypD) have all been shown to be important regulators of mtPTP opening, but the molecular entities actually forming the pore are still unknown at present. The opening of the pore can be prevented using [[cyclosporin A]], a compound that binds cyclophilin D avoiding the formation of the pore. In respirometry, mtPTP opening may be observed as a sudden decrease of respiration of isolated mitochondria ([[Hansson 2010 J Biol Chem]]).[[Hansson 2010 J Biol Chem]]).)
Search for defective O2k components + (The 2-chamber design of the O2k helps to '''search for defective O2k components''', by switching components linked to O2k chambers A and B between sides A and B.)
P»-system + (The ADP-ATP phosphorylation system or P»-system. ''See'' [[Phosphorylation system]].)
CDGSH iron-sulfur domain proteins + (The CDGSH iron-sulfur domain (CISDs) famil … The CDGSH iron-sulfur domain (CISDs) family of proteins uniquely ligate labile 2Fe-2S clusters with a 3Cys-1His motif. CISD1 and CISD3 have been demonstrated to localize to the outer mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial matrix respectively, however their relationship to mitochondrial physiology remains ill-defined [1]. The best characterized member of the CISD family, CISD1, has been demonstrated to be involved in respiratory capacity, iron homeostasis, and ROS regulationcity, iron homeostasis, and ROS regulation)
French Group of Bioenergetics + (The French Group of Bioenergetics...)
O2k control panel - DatLab + (The O2k control panel allows for quick acc … The O2k control panel allows for quick access of O2k instrument settings. It covers the right side of the graphical user interface of DatLab 8. If a DatLab protocol is active, the protocol panel ist shown instead, a tab at the right side allows to switch between O2k control panel and protocol panel.ween O2k control panel and protocol panel.)
Closed chamber + (The O2k-chamber can be used as a [[closed system]] or [[open system]]. Gas bubbles must be avoided.)
OroboPOS-Connector Service + (The OroboPOS-Connector Service entails routine maintenance and any necessary repairs of the OroboPOS-Connector in the Oroboros electronics workshop (WGT).)
PC requirements + (The PC requirements for controlling an O2k and data recording with [[DatLab]] are found [[DatLab installation |here]].)
Display Power-O2k + (The Power-O2k number, which is set in the … The Power-O2k number, which is set in the pull-down menu Oroboros O2k \ [[O2k configuration]], is shown in the active graph. To show it in graphs copied to clipboard, the option "Show Oroboros icon in clipboard files" must be enabled in the Graph-menu [[Graph options - DatLab]].[[Graph options - DatLab]].)
TIP2k - DatLab + (The Titration-Injection microPump (TIP2k) provides automated injection of liquids into both O2k chambers. It is controlled via DatLab, allowing for programmable titration regimes and feedback control.)
MtOM + (The [[Mitochondrial outer membrane| '''mitochondrial outer membrane''']])
Succinate transport + (The [[dicarboxylate carrier]] catalyses the electroneutral exchange of succinate2- for HPO4-2-.)
Ampere + (The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of el … The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge ''e'' to be 1.602 176 634 × 10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of Δ''ν''Cs.the second is defined in terms of Δ''ν''Cs.)
Isolated system + (The boundaries of '''isolated system'''s a … The boundaries of '''isolated system'''s are impermeable for all forms of energy and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, ''e.g.'', internal entropy production, di''S''/d''t'', internal formation of chemical species ''i'' which is produced in a reaction ''r'', di''ni''/d''t'' = dr''ni''/d''t''. In isolated systems some internal terms are restricted to zero by various conservation laws which rule out the production or destruction of the respective quantity. by various conservation laws which rule out the production or destruction of the respective quantity.)
Calorespirometric ratio + (The calorimetric/respirometric or '''calor … The calorimetric/respirometric or '''calorespirometric ratio''' (CR ratio) is the ratio of calorimetrically and respirometrically measured heat and oxygen flux, determinded by [[calorespirometry]]. The experimental CR ratio is compared with the theoretically derived [[oxycaloric equivalent]], and agreement in the range of -450 to -480 kJ/mol O2 indicates a balanced [[aerobic]] energy budget ([[Gnaiger_1987_PhysiolZool|Gnaiger and Staudigl 1987]]). In the transition from aerobic to [[anaerobic | anaerobic metabolism]], there is a [[Limiting pO2|limiting ''p''O2]], ''p''lim, below which CR ratios become more exothermic since anaerobic energy flux is switched on.h CR ratios become more exothermic since anaerobic energy flux is switched on.)
Candela + (The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of … The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 Hz, ''K''cd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1.;/sub>, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1.)
Illumination + (The chambers of the [[OROBOROS O2k|Oroboros O2k]] … The chambers of the [[OROBOROS O2k|Oroboros O2k]] are illuminated by an internal LED. The '''illumination''' is switched on and off in [[DatLab]] during the experiment by pressing [F10]. This illumination must be distinguished from light introduced into the chambers by LEDs for the purpose of spectrophotometric and fluorometric measurements. For these, the internal illumination must be switched off.nternal illumination must be switched off.)
Matrix-ETS + (The component of the electron transfer sys … The component of the electron transfer system located in the mitochondrial matrix ('''matrix-ETS''') is distringuished from the ETS bound to the mt-inner membrane (membrane-ETS). Electron transfer and corresponding OXPHOS capacities are classically studied in mitochondrial preparations as oxygen consumption supported by various fuel substrates undergoing partial oxidation in the mt-matrix, such as pyruvate, malate, succinate, and others.s pyruvate, malate, succinate, and others.)
Affinity of reaction + (The concept of '''affinity''' and hence ch … The concept of '''affinity''' and hence chemical force is deeply rooted in the notion of '''attraction''' (and repulsion) of alchemy, which was the foundation of chemistry originally, but diverted away from laboratory experiments towards occult secret societies [1].** Newton's extensive experimental alchemical work and his substantial written track record on alchemy (which he did not publish) is seen today as a key inspiration for his development of the concept of the gravitational force [2-4]. This marks a transition of the meaning of affinity, from the descriptive 'adjacent' (proximity) to the causative 'attractive' (force) [5]. Correspondingly, Lavoisier (1790) equates affinity and force [6]: “''... the degree of force or affinity with which the acid adheres to the base''” [5]. By discussing the influence of electricity and gravity on chemical affinity, Liebig (1844) considers affinity as a force [7]. This leads to Guldberg and Waage's [[mass action ratio]] ('Studies concerning affinity', 1864; see [5]), the free energy and chemical affinity of Helmholtz (1882 [8]), and chemical thermodynamics of irreversible processes [9], where flux-force relations are center stage [10]. According to the IUPAC definition, the '''affinity of reaction''', ''A'' [J·mol-1], equals the negative molar Gibbs energy of reaction [11], which is the negative Gibbs [[force]] of reaction (derivative of [[Gibbs energy]] per [[advancement]] of reaction [12]): -''A'' = Δr''F'' = ∂''G''/∂r''ξ''The historical account of affinity is summarized by concluding, that today affinity of reaction should be considered as an isomorphic motive '''force''' and be generalized as such. This will help to (''1'') avoid confusing reversals of sign conventions (repulsion = negative attraction; pull = negative push), (''2'') unify symbols across classical and nonequilibrium thermodynamics [12,13], and thus (''3'') facilitate interdisciplinary communication by freeing ourselves from the alchemical, arcane scientific nomenclature.ry communication by freeing ourselves from the alchemical, arcane scientific nomenclature.)
Latent mitochondrial dysfunction + (The concept on '''latent mitochondrial dys … The concept on '''latent mitochondrial dysfunction''' presents the working hypothesis that the dynamic mitochondrial stress response provides a more sensitive and integrative marker for degenerative disease-related defects compared to acute mitochondrial dysfunction. The risk for developing a disease may be quantified in terms of a stress response, rather than a static pathophysiological state. Acute and latent mitochondrial dysfunction are studied at baseline and in response to a particular (e.g. oxidative) stress, using a mitochondrial stress resistance test.ng a mitochondrial stress resistance test.)
Mark specifications - DatLab + (The function '''Mark specifications''' is … The function '''Mark specifications''' is largely replaced by [[SUIT: Browse DL-Protocols and templates |SUIT DL-Protocols]] and [[Instrumental: Browse DL-Protocols and templates |Instrumental DL-Protocols]] in [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/datlab/ DatLab 7.4]. Mark specifications allow the user to rename [[Marks - DatLab| Marks]] in the active plot and save/recall the settings. Rename marks individually by clicking into the horizontal bar, or use corresponding templates for renaming the entire sequence of marks.for renaming the entire sequence of marks.)
Hydride + (The hydride anion is the species H−.)

Illumination on/off + (The illumination in both chambers is switched on/off.)

Kelvin + (The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant ''k'' to be 1.380 649 × 10−23 when expressed in the unit J x-1 K−1.)
Kilogram + (The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of … The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant ''h'' to be 6.626 070 15 × 10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the meter and the second are defined in terms of ''c'' and Δ''ν''Cs.he meter and the second are defined in terms of ''c'' and Δ''ν''Cs.)
Malate-aspartate shuttle + (The malate-aspartate shuttle involves the … The malate-aspartate shuttle involves the glutamate-aspartate carrier and the 2-oxoglutarate carrier exchanging malate2- for 2-oxoglutarate2-. Cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and transaminase complete the shuttle for the transport of cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial matrix. It is most important in heart, liver and kidney.chondrial matrix. It is most important in heart, liver and kidney.)
Mouse control: Mark + (The mark mode is active by default, can be … The mark mode is active by default, can be selected in the menu or by [Ctrl+M]. If '''Mouse control: Mark''' is enabled, specific sections of the experiment can be marked in each plot. Usually, marks are set on the plot for oxygen concentration for calibration, whereas marks on the plot for oxygen flux are set for exporting the median or average of flux to a table.»More details: [[Marks - DatLab]].[Marks - DatLab]].)
Wavelength range + (The minimum and the maximum wavelengths ov … The minimum and the maximum wavelengths over which an [[absorbance spectrum]] is measured are described in terms of the [[wavelength range]]. It is determined mainly by the specifications of the [[spectrophotometer]] and the type of [[light source]] used, and the characteristic [[absorbance spectrum]] of the sample being investigated.[[absorbance spectrum]] of the sample being investigated.)
Ergodynamics + (The mission of '''ergodynamics''' is the r … The mission of '''ergodynamics''' is the revelation of relations of general validity. "''Thermodynamics deals with relationships between properties of systems at equilibrium and with differences in properties between various equilibrium states. It has nothing to do with time. Even so, it is one of the most powerful tools of physical chemistry''" [1]. '''Ergodynamics''' is the theory of exergy changes (from the Greek word 'erg' which means [[work]]). Ergodynamics includes the fundamental aspects of thermodynamics ('[[heat]]') and the thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP; nonequilibrium thermodynamics), and thus links thermodynamics to kinetics. In its most general scope, ergodynamics is the science of [[energy]] transformations. Classical thermodynamics includes [[open system]]s, yet as a main focus it describes [[closed system]]s. This is reflected in a nomenclature that is not easily applicable to the more general case of open systems [2]. At present, IUPAC recommendations [3] fall short of providing adequate guidelines for describing energy transformations in open systems.ng energy transformations in open systems.)
Creatine kinase + (The mitochondrial '''creatine kinase''', also known as phosphocreatine kinase (CPK), facilitates energy transport with [[creatine]] and [[phosphocreatine]] as diffusible intermediates.)
Respiratory chain + (The mitochondrial '''respiratory chain''' … The mitochondrial '''respiratory chain''' (RC) consists of enzyme complexes arranged to form a metabolic system of convergent pathways for [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. In a general sense, the RC includes (1) the [[electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pathway), with transporters for the exchange of reduced substrates across the inner mitochondrial membrane, enzymes in the matrix space (particularly dehydrogenases of the tricarboxylic acid cycle), inner membrane-bound electron transfer complexes, and (2) the inner membrane-bound enzymes of the [[phosphorylation system]].[[phosphorylation system]].)
Mole + (The mole [mol] is the SI base unit for the … The mole [mol] is the SI base unit for the [[amount |amount of substance]] of a system that contains 6.02214076·1023 specified elementary entities (see [[Avogadro constant]]). The elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.ther particles, or specified groups of such particles.)
Pyruvate carrier + (The monocarboxylic acid [[pyruvate]]- is exchanged electroneutrally for OH- by the '''pyruvate carrier'''. H+/anion symport is equivalent to OH-/anion antiport.)
Drift + (The most common cause of '''drift''' is variation in the intensity of the [[light source]]. The effect of this can be minimised by carrying out a [[balance]] at frequent intervals.)
DatLab oxygen flux: performance and data analysis + (The quality of the results are strongly affected by the performance and data analysis. Therefore, we provide guidelines for performing and evaluating respirometric assays.)
Improvement score + (The relative improvement score, ''RIS'', p … The relative improvement score, ''RIS'', provides a measure of improvement of a trait from a value measured at baseline, ''B'', to a value measured after treatment, ''T'', expressing the total improvement, ''T-B'', in relation to the theoretical scope of improvement and the level of the trait observed at baseline. '''RIS'' incorporates the concept of diminishing returns and consideres maintaining a high value of a trait as an improvement relative to the potential loss.mprovement relative to the potential loss.)
Reproducibility crisis + (The reproducibility crisis is alarming.< … The reproducibility crisis is alarming.1 An experiment or study is ''reproducible'' or ''replicable'' when subsequent experiments confirm the results. This is [[research |re-search]]. However, we can define different types of reproducibility depending on the conditions that we use to replicate the previous work or in the information available. Our aim is to focus mostly on two different kinds2: '''1. Direct:''' is when we obtaining the same results using the same experimental conditions, materials, and methods as described in the original experiment. This would be the ideal reproducibility of an experiment. However, it requires a very accurate description of how the original experiment was performed. Some journals are trying to resolve the '''reproducibility crisis''' improving the rigor and the excellence on the reported methods and results (e.g. [https://www.cell.com/star-authors-guide STAR Methods in Cell Press]). '''2. Systematical:''' refers to obtaining the same results, but under different conditions; for example, using another cell line or mouse strain or humman study, or inhibiting a gene pharmacologically instead of genetically. This opens the door to subsequent studies to find the conditions under which an initial finding holds.udies to find the conditions under which an initial finding holds.)
Second + (The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of ti … The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆''ν''Cs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9 192 631 770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.ssed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.)
Stoichiometric number + (The sign of the '''stoichiometric number'' … The sign of the '''stoichiometric number''' ''ν''X is determined by the nonspatial direction of the transformation (positive for products, negative for substrates), and the magnitude of ''ν''X is determined by the stoichiometric form. For instance, ''ν''A=-1 in the reaction 0 = -1 A + 2 B (-1 glucose converted to +2 lactate), but ''ν''A=-1/6 in the reaction 0 = -1/6 A - 1 B + 1 C (-1/6 glucose and -1 O2 converted to +1 H2CO3).1 B + 1 C (-1/6 glucose and -1 O2 converted to +1 H2CO3).)
Dithionite + (The sodium salt of '''Dithionite''' Na< … The sodium salt of '''Dithionite''' Na2S2O4 (Dit) is the 'zero oxygen solution powder' used for [[Oxygen calibration - DatLab |calibration of oxygen sensors]] at [[Zero calibration | zero oxygen concentration]], or for stepwise reduction of oxygen [[concentration]]s in [[MiPNet14.06 Instrumental O2 background |instrumental O2 background tests]]. It is not recommended to use dithionite in experiments with biological samples or several multisensor approaches, for these see [[Setting the oxygen concentration]].[[Setting the oxygen concentration]].)
Install Oroboros protocol package + (The standard '''Instrumental and SUIT DL-P … The standard '''Instrumental and SUIT DL-Protocols''' package is automatically implemented with the simple DatLab programme installation. We recommend a 'clean install': rename your previous DatLab programme subdirectory (''e.g.'' C:\DatLab_OLD).Updates and newly developed DL protocols can be simply downloaded by clicking on [Protocols]\Install Oroboros protocol package.tocols]\Install Oroboros protocol package.)
Flux analysis - DatLab + (The strategy of '''Flux analysis''' using … The strategy of '''Flux analysis''' using DatLab depends on the research question and the corresponding settings applied in DatLab when recording the data with the O2k. Usng [[MitoPedia: SUIT |SUIT protocols]], a sequence of respiratory steady-states is measured, marks are set, and numerical data are summarized in [[Mark statistics - DatLab|Mark statistics]] (F2). An AI approach is kept in mind when describing guidelines for evaluation of steady-states during data recording and analysis.states during data recording and analysis.)
% + (The symbol '''%''' indicates 'per cent' (per hundred). {''Quote''} The internationally recognized symbol % (per cent) may be used with the SI. When it is used, a space separates the number and the symbol %. {''end of Quote''}.)
≡ + (The symbol '''≡''' indicates (numerical) [[equivalence]], in contrast to = as the symbol for (physicochemical) [[equality]].)
Open chamber + (The term "open O2k-chamber" refers to a situation in which the liquid phase is allowed to equilibrate with a gas phase, but the stopper is partially inserted using the [[Stopper-Spacer]].)
Extroduction + (The term '''extroduction''' is ambiguous a … The term '''extroduction''' is ambiguous and needs introduction. An ''external'' extroduction aims at providing a specific exit that opens the door to the parent article. Once you popped up into the article box, there are various ''internal'' extroductions to push down by following hyperlinks to references, keywords, supplementary material, and to the external extroduction. Once you have pushed one level down, there may be hyperlinks to push down further ([[Hofstadter 1979 Harvester Press |Hofstadter 1979]]). One needs to keep track of the links in a nested network of open tabs, to pop up all the way back for returning to the initial reference level. returning to the initial reference level.)
Incident light + (The term '''incident light''' is used for a beam of light falling upon a surface.)
Isomorphic + (The term '''isomorphic''' refers to quanti … The term '''isomorphic''' refers to quantities which have [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/isomorphic ''identical or similar form, shape, or structure'']. In mathematics, an isomorphism defines a [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/isomorphism ''one-to-one correspondence between two mathematical sets'']. In [[ergodynamics]], isomorphic quantities are defined by equations of identical form. If isomorphic quantities are not expressed in identical units, then these quantities are expressed in different formats which can be converted to identical untis. Example: electric force [V=J/C] and chemical force [Jol=J/mol] are ismorphic [[force]]s; the electrical format [J/C] can be converted to the chemical format [J/mol] by the [[Faraday constant]]. Units not only give meaning to the numerical value of a quantity, but units provide also an abbreviated common language to communicate and compare isomorphic quantities. In irreversible thermodynamics, isomorphic forces are referred to as ''generalized'' forces.are referred to as ''generalized'' forces.)
System + (The term '''system''' has a variety of mea … The term '''system''' has a variety of meanings and dictionary definitions in different contexts, ''e.g.'', the [[International System of Units]] (SI), MKSA system, data management system, biological or mechanical system, redox system, [[Electron transfer system]], loosely or completely coupled system, instrumental system. In thermodynamics and [[ergodynamics]], the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. {''Quote'' } The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction. {''end of Quote'': [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]}A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.d on the internal structure of the system.)
Hydrogen ion + (The terms '''hydrogen ion''' H+ … The terms '''hydrogen ion''' H+ and [[proton]], p or p+, are used synonymously in chemistry. A hydrogen ion is a positively charged molecule. In particle physics, however, a proton is a submolecular and subatomic particle with a positive electric charge. The H+ ion has no electrons and is a bare charge with only about 1/64 000 of the radius of a hydrogen atom. Free H+ is extremely reactive, with an extremely short lifetime in aqueous solutions. There H+ forms the hydronium ion H3O+, which in turn is further solvated by water molecules in clusters such as H5O2+ and H9O4+. The transfer of H+ in an acid–base reaction is referred to as ''proton transfer''. The acid is the H+ donor and the base is the H+ acceptor.lt;sup>+. The transfer of H+ in an acid–base reaction is referred to as ''proton transfer''. The acid is the H+ donor and the base is the H+ acceptor.)
Proton + (The terms '''proton''' p and [[hydrogen ion]] … The terms '''proton''' p and [[hydrogen ion]] H+ are used synonymously in chemistry. In particle physics, a proton is a subatomic particle with a positive electric charge. Protons and neutrons are collectively referred to as ''nucleons''. The proton is a bare charge with only about 1/64 000 of the radius of a hydrogen atom, and so the free proton is extremely reactive chemically. Therefore, the free proton has an extremely short lifetime in aqueous solutions where it forms the [[hydronium ion]], H3O+, which in turn is further solvated by water molecules in clusters such as H5O2+ and H9O4+.;sub>5O2+ and H9O4+.)
SI prefixes + (There are 20 '''SI prefixes''' defined to represent multiples and submiltiples of SI units.)
Sides + (There are many '''sides''' of the term 'si … There are many '''sides''' of the term 'side' in our language system. Inside and outside are the sides that are separated by the system boundaries of an experimental [[system]]. + and - are the two sides of numbers separated by 0. Pages in books have opposite sides or front sides versus backsides. Many fundamental terms have opposite sides of the meaning, thus spanning the entire message in the space between their apparently contrasting sides, and transforming the paradox as a perspective into the unified whole, the full, the complete. On the other side, such fundamental terms are fully understood only after ''realization'' of the opposite sides of their meaning — treasures discovered in the etymological origins of the word. It makes sense to open all our senses to comprehend the bright side and the dark side of things. Whereas the student sais "I see a black sheep", Zen decides "You see, that one side of the sheep is black". This is the message to consider both sides before choosing sides, besides overcoming a one-sided point of view. Don't rock side-to-side, but get immersed deeply inside things to see the upsides and downsides of every thing or anything, and more so of nothing. Inside is the insight, for insiders and outsiders of the feedback loop of an [[Ouroboros]].Ouroboros]].)
DatLab and SUIT protocols + (This is a brief summary of steps to be tak … This is a brief summary of steps to be taken for performing a high-resolution respirometry experiment with '''[[SUIT protocols]]''' using the OROBOROS [[Oroboros O2k]] and '''[[DatLab]]''' software. (1) Search for a specific [[SUIT protocol name]] (go to [[MitoPedia:_SUIT#SUIT_protocols |MitoPedia: SUIT]]). The list of MitoPedia SUIT protocols can be sorted by [[categories of SUIT protocols]] (sorting by SUIT protocol name), which is listed as the 'abbreviation' of the SUIT protocol name. (2) Copy the template for [[Mark names]] into your DatLab subdirectory: DatLab\APPDATA\MTEMPLAT. (3) Copy the [[DatLab-Analysis templates |DatLab-Analysis template]] for this SUIT protocol. (4) Follow the link to the corresponding publication or MiPNet communication, where the pdf file describing the SUIT protocol is available. (5) A DatLab demo file may be available providing an experimental example. After each sequential titration, a mark is set on the plot for flux or flow. After having set all marks, pull down the 'Mark names' menu, select the corresponding SUIT protocol for mark names, and rename all marks. The Mark names template also provides standard values of the titration volume preceding each mark. (6) Go to 'Mark statistics' [F2], copy to clipboard, and paste into the sample tab in the DatLab-Analysis template.: Example::* SUIT protocol name: [[SUIT-011]]:* Mark names in DatLab: 1GM;2D;2c;3S;4U;5Rot-:* DatLab-Analysis template: SUIT_NS(GM)01.xlsx:* MiPNet communciation: [[MiPNet12.23 FibreRespiration]]:* DatLab demo file: MiPNet12.23 FibreRespiration.DLDemo file: MiPNet12.23 FibreRespiration.DLD)
Beer-Lambert law + (This law states that the [[transmittance]] … This law states that the [[transmittance]] (''T'') of light though a sample is given by:''T'' = e-''εbc'', where ''ε'' is the molar [[extinction coefficient]], ''b'' is the pathlength of the light through the cuvette (in mm) and ''c'' is the concentration of the pigment in the sample (in mM). Transforming this equation, it can be seen that the [[absorbance]] of light (''A'') is simply given by ''A'' = ''εbc''.absorbance]] of light (''A'') is simply given by ''A'' = ''εbc''.)
Least squares method + (This method makes use of all of the data p … This method makes use of all of the data points of the spectrum in order to quantify a measured spectrum with a reference spectrum of known concentration using a '''least squares method''' to match the measured spectrum with the reference spectrum. The technique results in improved accuracy compared with the use of only a few characteristic wavelengths. of only a few characteristic wavelengths.)
Paywall journalism + (Though often defined from the individual r … Though often defined from the individual reader's perspective, a paywall can also apply to an institution (such as a library) or the author. '''Paywall journalism''' is the opposite of [[Open Access]]. [[Open Science]] does not accept paywalls with the argument, that the public pays for governmentally funded research, hence research funded by public grants should be published with open access for the public without paywalls. Paywalls are most frequently defined from the perspective of the individual reader, who has to pay for an article or pay a journal subscription as a requisite for obtaining full access to the information that is otherwise hidden behind the paywall ('''reader-paywall journal'''). From the perspective of the authors, however, an '''author-paywall journal''' is defined as any journal which requests publication charges or page charges from the authors for publishing the manuscript Open Access or publishing it at all. Similarly, an '''institutional-paywall journal''' charges an institution – typically university libraries – for granting open access to the members of this institution. As long as paywall journalism prevails in science, at least '''paywall transparence''' should be required, to declare for each publication not only the reader-paywall costs but provide the full information on the author-paywall and institutional-paywall expenses.aywall and institutional-paywall expenses.)
O2k signals and output + (Three electronic '''channel types''' are a … Three electronic '''channel types''' are available in the [[O2k-MultiSensor |O2k-MultiSensor system]]. All channels are available twofold (dual-data), for O2k-Chambers A (left) and B (right), based on numerical signals sent at a fixed data sampling time interval (default: 2 s; range 0.2 s to >10 s).rval (default: 2 s; range 0.2 s to >10 s).)
Stirrer A on/off + (Toggles between stirrer on/off in the left O2k-chamber, returning to the pre set stirrer speed.)
Stirrer B on/off + (Toggles between stirrer on/off in the right O2k-chamber, returning to the pre set stirrer speed.)
Triethyltin bromide + (Triethyltin bromide (TET) is a lipophilic [1] inhibitor of the mitochondrial [[ATP synthase]] [2] which is used to induce [[LEAK state]] in [[living cells]] of ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae''.)
POS calibration - static + (Two-point calibration of the polarographic oxygen sensor, comprising [[Air calibration]] and [[Zero calibration]]. See also [[POS calibration - dynamic]].)
Unspecific binding of TPP+ + (Unspecific binding of the probe molecule T … Unspecific binding of the probe molecule TPP+ in the matrix phase of mitochondria is taken into account as a correction for measurement of the [[mitochondrial membrane potential]]. External unspecific binding is the binding outside of the inner mt-membrane or on the outer side of the inner mt-membrane, in contrast to internal unspecific binding.-membrane, in contrast to internal unspecific binding.)
SUITbrowser + (Use the '''SUITbrowser''' to find the subs … Use the '''SUITbrowser''' to find the substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor-titration ([[SUIT]]) protocol most suitable for addressing your research questions. <big><big>Open the SUITbrowser: http://suitbrowser.oroboros.at/</big></big>[[Image:PlayVideo.jpg|50px|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T33sp9KkJk]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T33sp9KkJk How to find a DL-Protocol (DLP)]w.youtube.com/watch?v=8T33sp9KkJk How to find a DL-Protocol (DLP)])
Getting started - DatLab + (Users have to enter their user details the first time they use DatLab 8 on a specific computer. As well, entering some basic settings is required when connecting DatLab 8 with an O2k for the first time.)
Valinomycin + (Valinomycin catalyzes electrogenic K+ transport down the electrochemical transmembrane gradient (150 ng.mg-1 protein).)
Smoothing + (Various methods of '''smoothing''' can be … Various methods of '''smoothing''' can be applied to improve the [[signal-to-noise ratio]]. For instance, data points recorded over time [s] or over a range of wavelengths [nm] can be smoothed by averaging ''n'' data points per interval. Then the average of the ''n'' points per smoothing interval can be taken for each successively recorded data point across the time range or range of the spectrum to give a ''n''-point moving average smoothing. This method decreases the [[noise]] of the signal, but clearly reduces the time or wavelength [[resolution]]. More advanced methods of smoothing are applied to retain a higher [[time resolution]] or wavelength resolution.[[time resolution]] or wavelength resolution.)
Hydrogenion flux + (Volume-specific '''hydrogenion flux''' or … Volume-specific '''hydrogenion flux''' or H+ flux is measured in a closed system as the time derivative of H+ concentration, expressed in units [pmol·s-1·mL-1]. H+ flux can be measured in an open system at steady state, when any acidification of the medium is compensated by external supply of an equivalent amount of base. The extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) is the change of pH in the incubation medium over time, which is zero at steady state. Volume-specific H+ flux is comparable to volume-specific [[oxygen flux]] [pmol·s-1·mL-1], which is the (negative) time derivative of oxygen concentration measured in a closed system, corrected for instrumental and chemical background.[[pH]] is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, ECAR is of interest in relation to acidification issues in the incubation buffer or culture medium. The physiologically relevant metabolic H+ flux, however, must not be confused with ECAR.e incubation buffer or culture medium. The physiologically relevant metabolic H+ flux, however, must not be confused with ECAR.)
Different O2 fluxes in left and right chamber + (What are potential causes for '''different O2 fluxes in the left and right chamber'''?)
Transmittance + (When light enter a sample, '''transmittance''' (''T'') is the fraction of the intensity (''I'') of the light emerging from the sample compared with the incident light intensity (''I''''0''): ''T'' = ''I''/''I''''0''.)
Absorption + (When light enters a sample and emerges wit … When light enters a sample and emerges with an intensity (''I''), '''absorption''' (''Abs'') is the fraction of the light absorbed by the sample compared with the [[incident light]] intensity (''I''''0''): ''Abs'' = 1-''I''/''I''''0''. Absorption can also be expressed as ''Abs'' = 1-''T'', where ''T'' is the [[transmittance]].[[transmittance]].)
Absorbance spectrum + (When light enters a sample, the amount of … When light enters a sample, the amount of light that it absorbs is dependent upon the wavelength of the incident light. The '''absorbance spectrum''' is the curve derived by plotting the measured [[absorbance]] against the wavelength of the light emerging from the sample over a given [[wavelength range]]. An [[absorbance spectrum]] may be characterised by peaks and troughs (absorbance maxima and minima) that can be used to identify, and sometimes quantify, different absorbing substances present in a sample. absorbing substances present in a sample.)
O2k-MultiSensor + (When one (or more) analytical parameters a … When one (or more) analytical parameters are monitored simultaneously with oxygen concentration and oxygen flux, this is an '''O2k-MultiSensor''' application of the [[Oroboros O2k-technology]]. The [[NextGen-O2k]] supports all O2k-MultiSensor Modules, while the O2k does not provide for the Q- and NADH-Redox-Modules. For some O2k-MultiSensor applications it is necessary to introduce one or more additional sensors into the chamber through a MultiSensor stopper. Optical applications require the standard black stoppers.tions require the standard black stoppers.)