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[[Image:ISE-TPP+ Membranes.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISE-TPP+ Membranes''', PVC, 4 mm diameter, box of 5 membranes. +
'''ISO 10012:2003 Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment''': An effective measurement management system ensures that measuring equipment and measurement processes are fit for their intended use and is important in achieving product quality objectives and managing the risk of incorrect measurement results. The objective of a measurement management system is to manage the risk that measuring equipment and measurement processes could produce incorrect results affecting the quality of an organization’s product. The methods used for the measurement management system range from basic equipment verification to the application of statistical techniques in the measurement process control. +
'''ISO 13528:2015 Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison''': Proficiency testing involves the use of interlaboratory comparisons to determine the performance of participants (which may be laboratories, inspection bodies, or individuals) for specific tests or measurements, and to monitor their continuing performance. There are a number of typical purposes of proficiency testing [[ISO/IEC 17043 General requirements for proficiency testing |ISO/IEC 17043:2010]]. These include the evaluation of laboratory performance, the identification of problems in laboratories, establishing effectiveness and comparability of test or measurement methods, the provision of additional confidence to laboratory customers, validation of uncertainty claims, and the education of participating laboratories. The statistical design and analytical techniques applied must be appropriate for the stated purpose(s). +
'''ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories — Particular requirements for quality and competence''': This International Standard is for use by medical laboratories in developing their quality management systems and assessing their own competence, and for use by accreditation bodies in confirming or recognising the competence of medical laboratories. While this International Standard is intended for use throughout the currently recognised disciplines of medical laboratory services, those working in other services and disciplines could also find it useful and appropriate. +
'''ISO 17511:2003 In vitro diagnostic medical devices -- Measurement of quantities in biological samples -- Metrological traceability of values assigned to calibrators and control materials''': For measurements of quantities in laboratory medicine, it is essential that the quantity is adequately defined and that the results reported to the physicians or other health care personel and patients are adequately accurate (true and precise) to allow correct medical interpretation and comparability over time and space. +
'''ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems - requirements''': The adoption of a quality management system is a strategic decision for an organization that can help to improve its overall performance and provide a sound basis for sustainable development initiatives. Consistently meeting requirements and addressing future needs and expectations poses a challenge for organizations in an increasingly dynamic and complex environment. To achieve this objective, the organization might find it necessary to adopt various forms of improvement in addition to correction and continual improvement, such as breakthrough change, innovation and re-organization. +
'''ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories''': The use of this International Standard will facilitate cooperation between laboratories and other bodies, and assist in the exchange of information and experience, and in the harmonization of standards and procedures. This International Standard specifies the general requirements for the competence to carry out tests and/or calibrations, including sampling. It covers testing and calibration performed using standard methods, non-standard methods, and laboratory-developed methods. +
'''ISO/IEC 17043:2010 Conformity assessment — General requirements for proficiency testing''': The use of interlaboratory comparisons is increasing internationally. This International Standard provides a consistent basis to determine the competence of organizations that provide proficiency testing. +
[[Image:ISS-Filter and Tubing.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISS-Filter and Tubing''', [[ISS-Integrated Suction System]]. +
[[Image:ISS.jpg|180px|right]]'''ISS-Integrated Suction System''': Suction pump with stainless steel housing, [[ISS-Waste Bottle|2 liter waste bottle]], [[ISS-Filter_and_Tubing|filter and tubing]]; for siphoning off excess medium from the O2k-Stopper and for emptying the [[O2k-chamber]]s. The ISS is included as a standard component of the [[O2k-Core|O2k-FluoRespirometer]]. Media containing living cells or microorganisms, various poisons (inhibitors, uncouplers) and mixtures of proteins and substrates are safely disposed off in the 2-litre waste bottle. +
[[Image:ISS-Lid.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISS-Lid''', for [[ISS-Waste Bottle]], component of the [[ISS-Integrated Suction System]]. +
[[Image:ISS-Steel_Housing.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISS-Steel Housing''', a component of the [[ISS-Integrated Suction System]]. +
[[Image:ISS-Waste Bottle.JPG|right|180px]]'''ISS-Waste Bottle''', 2-liter, component of the [[ISS-Integrated Suction System]]. +
'''Iconic symbols''' are used in [[ergodynamics]] to indicate more explicitely — compared to standard SI or IUPAC symbols — the quantity represented and some boundary conditions. This is particularly the case in normalized quantities (ratios of quantities). Iconic (or canonical) symbols help to clarify the meaning, are based on SI and IUPAC symbols as far as possible, and may be translated into more commonly used, practical symbols. Several ambiguities in SI and IUPAC symbols are eliminated by the systematic structure of iconic symbols, but it may be impossible to avoid all ambiguities, particulary when long (canonical) symbols are abbreviated in a particular context. Clarity is improved always by showing the unit of a quantity together with the symbol of the quantity. Iconic symbols cannot be identical with IUPAC symbols when a different definition is used — this would add to the confusion. For example, the IUPAC symbols ''n''<sub>B</sub> [mol] and ''V''<sub>B</sub> [m<sup>3</sup>] denote amount and volume of B. Consequently, it should be expected, that the symbol ''Q''<sub>B</sub> indicates charge of B [C]. However, the IUPAC symbol ''Q''<sub>B</sub> is used for particle charge per ion B [C·x<sup>-1</sup>]. This prohibits a consistent definition of ''Q''<sub>B</sub> as a potential iconic symbol for charge carried by a given quantity of ions B with unit [C], instead of particle charge per ion B with unit [C·x<sup>-1</sup>]. Hence, the conventional ambigous system forces compatible iconic symbols to be more complicated, using ''Q''<sub>elB</sub> [C] and ''Q''<sub>''<u>N</u>''B</sub> [C·x<sup>-1</sup>] to distinguish charge of B from charge per elementary B. ''Q''<sub>''<u>n</u>''B</sub> [C·mol<sup>-1</sup>] is charge per molar amount of B. +
The chambers of the [[OROBOROS O2k|Oroboros O2k]] are illuminated by an internal LED. The '''illumination''' is switched on and off in [[DatLab]] during the experiment by pressing [F10]. This illumination must be distinguished from light introduced into the chambers by LEDs for the purpose of spectrophotometric and fluorometric measurements. For these, the internal illumination must be switched off. +
The illumination in both chambers is switched on/off. +
'''Impact factor''' is a measure of a scientific journal's citations per publication. The Journal Citation Reports, maintained by Clarivate Analytics, provides the calculated impact factors. The IF is frequently used as an indicator of a journal's importance or prestige, which is nowadays increasingly contested. +
The relative improvement score, ''RIS'', provides a measure of improvement of a trait from a value measured at baseline, ''B'', to a value measured after treatment, ''T'', expressing the total improvement, ''T-B'', in relation to the theoretical scope of improvement and the level of the trait observed at baseline. '''RIS'' incorporates the concept of diminishing returns and consideres maintaining a high value of a trait as an improvement relative to the potential loss. +
A [[medical device]] is an '''in vitro diagnostic medical device (IVD)''' if it is a reagent, calibrator, control material, kit, specimen receptacle, software, instrument, apparatus, equipment or system, whether used alone or in combination with other diagnostic goods for in vitro use. +
The term '''incident light''' is used for a beam of light falling upon a surface. +
The '''Inclusion criteria''' are based on key features of the target population that the researchers will use to answer their question. These criteria should identify the study population in a consistent, reliable, uniform, and objective manner. With the [[Exclusion criteria]], this factor must be a cofounder for the outcome parameter +
'''Inorgnic phosphate''' (P<sub>i</sub>) is a salt of phosphoric acid. In solution near physiological pH, the species HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> dominate.
''See also'': [[Phosphate carrier]] (Pic). +
A glance '''inside the [[Oroboros O2k]]''' +
The standard '''Instrumental and SUIT DL-Protocols''' package is automatically implemented with the simple DatLab programme installation. We recommend a 'clean install': rename your previous DatLab programme subdirectory (''e.g.'' C:\DatLab_OLD).
Updates and newly developed DL protocols can be simply downloaded by clicking on [Protocols]\Install Oroboros protocol package. +
Instrumental [[Run DL-Protocol/Set O2 limit| DL-Protocols]] (DLP) including DatLab example traces, instructions, brief explanatory texts, links to relevant pages and templates for data evaluation can be browsed from inside DatLab 7.4. Click on menu [Protocols]\Instrumental: Browse DL-Protocols and templates to open a folder with all the [[Run DL-Protocol/Set O2 limit| DL-Protocols]] and templates for cleaning, calibration, and background determination provided with the DatLab 7.4. Select a sub-directory and open an DL-Protocol and/or template as desired. +
'''Integration time''' is the time taken to scan a single full range spectrum using [[photodiode arrays]]. It is equivalent to the exposure time for a camera. The shortest integration time defines the fastest response time of a [[spectrophotometer]]. Increasing the integration time increases the [[sensitivity]] of the device. The [[white balance]] or [[balance]] and subsequent measurements must always be carried out at the same integration time. +
Intensive quantities are partial derivatives of an extensive quantity by the advancement, d<sub>tr</sub>''ξ''<sub>''X''</sub>, of an energy transformation tr; ''example:'' [[Force]]. In contrast to [[extensive quantity |extensive quantities]] which pertain to the entire system and are additive, extensive quantities 'take well defined values at each point of the system' ([[Prigogine 1967 Interscience]]) and are non-additive. Intensive and extensive quantities can be easily discriminated by the units, e.g. [J] for the extensive quantity, in contrast to [J·mol<sup>-1</sup>] for the corresponding intensive quantity. In the general definition of thermodynamics, intensive quantities are not distinguished from [[specific quantity |specific quantities]] ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book]]). [[Ergodynamics]] emphasizes the contrast between specific quantities which are extensive quantities normalized for a variable expressing system size (mass, volume of the system, amount of substance in a system) and intensive quantities which are normalized for the motive unit of a transformation (mass exchanged, volume change of the system, amount of substance reacting in a system; [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]). Intensive and specific quantities are both non-additive, take well defined values at each point of the system, and both corresponding quantities are expressed in identical units, e.g. the intensive quantity Gibbs force of a catabolic reaction (such as oxidation; 0 = -1 Glc - 6 O<sub>2</sub> + 6 CO<sub>2</sub> + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O), Δ<sub>k</sub>''G''<sub>Glc</sub> [kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>], and the specific quantity Gibbs energy per mole glucose contained in a system, ''G''<sub>Glc</sub> [kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>] (with respect to an arbitrarily defined reference state, such as the reference state of formation or combustion). +
An '''interlaboratory comparison''' is the organization, performance and evaluation of measurements or tests on the same or similar items by two or more laboratories in accordance with predetermined conditions. +
Within the system boundaries, irreversible '''internal flows''', ''I''<sub>i</sub>,—including chemical reactions and the dissipation of internal gradients of heat and matter—contribute to internal entropy production, d<sub>i</sub>''S''/d''t''. In contrast, [[external flow]]s, ''I''<sub>e</sub>, of heat, work, and matter proceed reversibly across the system boundaries (of zero thickness). Flows are expressed in various [[format]]s per unit of time, with corresponding [[motive unit]]s [MU], such as chemical [mol], electrical [C], mass [kg]. Flow is an [[extensive quantity]], in contrast to [[flux]] as a [[specific quantity]]. +
'''Internal-energy''', ''U'' [J], can neither be destroyed nor created (first law of thermodynamics: d<sub>i</sub>''U''/d''t'' = 0). Note that ''internal'' (subscript i), as opposed to ''external'' (subscript e), must be distinguished from "internal-energy", ''U'', which contrasts with "[[Helmholtz energy]]", ''A'', as [[enthalpy]], ''H'', contrasts with Gibbs energy, ''G''. +
[[File:IMP LOGO.JPG|150px]]The '''International Mito Patients''' is a network of national patient organizations involved in mitochondrial disease. Mitochondrial disease is a rare disease with a limited number of patients per country. The national patient organizations which are a member of IMP each are active and powerful in their own countries. By joining forces IMP can represent a large group of patients and as such be their voice on an international level. +
[[File:ISMM.jpg|150px|left|ISMM]]The '''International Society for Mountain Medicine''' is an interdisciplinary society comprising about xx members worldwide. Its purpose is .. +
[[File:ISOTT LOGO.jpg|200px|left]]
The '''International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue''' is an interdisciplinary society comprising about 250 members worldwide. Its purpose is to further the understanding of all aspects of the processes involved in the transport of oxygen from the air to its ultimate consumption in the cells of the various organs of the body. Founded in 1973, the society has been the leading platform for the presentation of many of the technological and conceptual developments within the field both at the meetings themselves and in the proceedings of the society. +
The '''International Standard Serial Number''', ISSN, is a code used to identify periodical publications, independent of which media are used (print and/or electronic). - [[Bioenergetics Communications]], BEC: [https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2791-4690 ISSN 2791-4690] +
The '''International System of Units''' (SI) is the modern form of the metric system of [[unit]]s for use in all aspects of life, including international trade, manufacturing, security, health and safety, protection of the environment, and in the basic science that underpins all of these. The system of quantities underlying the SI and the equations relating them are based on the present description of nature and are familiar to all scientists, technologists and engineers.
The definition of the SI units is established in terms of a set of seven defining constants. The complete system of units can be derived from the fixed values of these defining constants, expressed in the units of the SI. These seven defining constants are the most fundamental feature of the definition of the entire system of units. These particular constants were chosen after having been identified as being the best choice, taking into account the previous definition of the SI, which was based on seven base units, and progress in science (p. 125). +
The '''International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry''' (IUPAC) celebrated in 2019 the 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary, which coincided with the [https://iupac.org/united-nations-proclaims-international-year-periodic-table-chemical-elements/ International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPT 2019)]. IUPAC {''Quote''} notes that marking Mendeleev's achievement will show how the periodic table is central to connecting cultural, economic, and political dimensions of global society “through a common language” {''end of Quote''} (Horton 2019). 2019 is proclaimed as the [https://iupac.org/united-nations-proclaims-international-year-periodic-table-chemical-elements/ International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPT 2019)]. For a '''common language''' in mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics, the IUPAC ''Green book'' (Cohen et al 2008) is a most valuable resource, which unfortunately is largely neglected in bioenergetics textbooks. Integration of [[ergodynamics |open systems and non-equilibrium thermodynamic]] approaches remains a challenge for developing a common language (Gnaiger 1993; [[BEC 2020.1]]). +
'''International Oxygraph Course''' (IOC), see [[O2k-Workshops]]. +
Organizer of
* [http://bioblast.at/index.php/Klinische_MitochondrienMedizin_und_Umweltmedizin_2015 Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2015]
* [http://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/Klinische_MitochondrienMedizin_und_Umweltmedizin_2016_Heidelberg_DE Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2016]
* [http://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/Klinische_Mitochondrienmedizin_und_Umweltmedizin_2017_Heidelberg_DE Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2017]
* [[Clinical Mitochondria- and Environmental Medicine 2018 Heidelberg DE|Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2018]] +
Select '''Interpolate points''' in the [[Marks - DatLab |Mark information]] window to interpolate all data points in the marked section of the active graph. See also [[Delete points]] and [[Restore points]] or [[Recalculate slope]]. +
Physiological, '''intracellular oxygen pressure''' is significantly lower than air saturation under normoxia, hence respiratory measurements carried out at air saturation are effectively hyperoxic for cultured cells and isolated mitochondria. +
An '''Intrinsic flourophore''' is a naturally occurring [[fluorophore]] of which [[NADH]], aromatic amino acids and flavins are examples. +
[[Image:Ion-Selective_Electrode_TPP+_and_Ca2+.JPG|180px|right]]'''Ion-Selective Electrode TPP+ and Ca2+''': [[ISE]] with 6 mm outer diameter shaft, for [[Stopper\white PVDF\angular Shaft\side+6.2+2.6 mm Port]].
[[O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module]]: 2 ISE. +
[[File:Isocitrate.png|left|100px|isocitrate]]'''isocitrate''', C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>-3</sup>, is a tricarboxylic acid trianion, intermediate of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle|TCA cycle]], obtained by isomerization of citrate. The process is catalyzed by [[aconitase]], forming the enzyme-bound intermediate ''cis''-aconitate. +
'''Isocitrate dehydrogenase''' forms 2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate in the [[TCA cycle]]. +
'''Isolated mitochondria''', imt, are mitochondria separated from a tissue or cells by breaking the plasma membranes and attachments to the cytoskeleton, followed by centrifugation steps to separate the mitochondria from other components. +
The boundaries of '''isolated system'''s are impermeable for all forms of energy and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, ''e.g.'', internal entropy production, d<sub>i</sub>''S''/d''t'', internal formation of chemical species ''i'' which is produced in a reaction ''r'', d<sub>i</sub>''n<sub>i</sub>''/d''t'' = d<sub>r</sub>''n<sub>i</sub>''/d''t''. In isolated systems some internal terms are restricted to zero by various conservation laws which rule out the production or destruction of the respective quantity. +
The term '''isomorphic''' refers to quantities which have [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/isomorphic ''identical or similar form, shape, or structure'']. In mathematics, an isomorphism defines a [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/isomorphism ''one-to-one correspondence between two mathematical sets'']. In [[ergodynamics]], isomorphic quantities are defined by equations of identical form. If isomorphic quantities are not expressed in identical units, then these quantities are expressed in different formats which can be converted to identical untis. Example: electric force [V=J/C] and chemical force [Jol=J/mol] are ismorphic [[force]]s; the electrical format [J/C] can be converted to the chemical format [J/mol] by the [[Faraday constant]]. Units not only give meaning to the numerical value of a quantity, but units provide also an abbreviated common language to communicate and compare isomorphic quantities. In irreversible thermodynamics, isomorphic forces are referred to as ''generalized'' forces. +
J
[[File:J-mit.png|100px|left]]The '''Japanese Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine''' (J-mit) was founded to share the latest knowledge on mitochondrial research. J-mit is the biggest Asian society of mitochondrial research and medicine and is a member of [[ASMRM]]. +
'''''J''<sub>max</sub>''' is the maximum pathway flux (e.g. [[oxygen flux]]) obtained at saturating substrate concentration. ''J''<sub>max</sub> is a function of metabolic state. In hyperbolic ADP or oxygen kinetics, ''J''<sub>max</sub> is calculated by extrapolation of the hyperbolic function, with good agreement between the calculated and directly measured fluxes, when substrate levels are >20 times the ''c''<sub>50</sub> or [[P50|''p''<sub>50</sub>]]. +
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