Search by property

This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

Polarization voltage + (A '''polarization voltage''' of 600 mV to … A '''polarization voltage''' of 600 mV to 800 mV is applied between anode and cathode of the [[polarographic oxygen sensor]], resulting in a current when oxygen is consumed. The current is converted by the electronics to a voltage (raw signal) which must not be confused with the polarization voltage.be confused with the polarization voltage.)
Population + (A '''population''' (or '''group''') defines the [[sample type]] of an [[experiment]], before sample preparation. The population (or group) size represents the upper limit of the [[sample size]], ''N''.)
Preprint + (A '''preprint''' is {''Quote''} a way in w … A '''preprint''' is {''Quote''} a way in which a manuscript containing scientific results can be rapidly communicated from one scientist, or a group of scientists, to the entire scientific community {''end of Quote''}. Preprints are disseminated without peer review, e.g. in the preprint server [[MitoFit Preprints]]. In contrast, the journal [[Bioenergetics Communications]] publishes peer-reviewed articles, which preferentially are communicated in advance in MitoFit Preprints.municated in advance in MitoFit Preprints.)
Product + (A '''product''' in a chemical reaction has a positive [[stoichiometric number]] since it is produced, whereas a [[substrate]] has a negative stoichiometric number since it is consumed.)
Prosthetic group + (A '''prosthetic group''' is a [[cofactor]] … A '''prosthetic group''' is a [[cofactor]] that is attached permanently and tightly or even covalently to an enzyme and that is regenerated in each enzymatic turnover. Thus a prostethic group is distinguished from a [[coenzyme]] or cosubstrate that is attached loosely and transiently. Like a coenzyme, the prosthetic group is required by an enzyme for its activity. A prosthetic group is 'a tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide unit in a protein determining and involved in its biological activity' (IUPAC definition).FMN/FMNH2 and FAD/FADH2 are prosthetic groups of [[Complex I]] and [[Complex II]], respectively.[[Complex II]], respectively.)
Quantity + (A '''quantity''' is the attribute of a phe … A '''quantity''' is the attribute of a phenomenon, body or substance that may be distinguished qualitatively and determined quantitatively. A [[dimension |dimensional]] quantity is a number (variable, parameter, or constant) connected to its dimension, which is different from 1. {''Quote''} The value of a quantity is generally expressed as the product of a number and a unit. The unit is simply a particular example of the quantity concerned which is used as a reference, and the number is the ratio of the value of the quantity to the unit. {''end of Quote'': Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI), p. 127)}.ernational System of Units (SI), p. 127)}.)
Reference spectrum + (A '''reference spectrum''' for a substance is an [[absorbance spectrum]] of the same substance at a known concentration and [[redox state]].)
Requirement + (A '''requirement''' is a singular documented physical or functional need that a particular design, product or process must be able to perform.)
Sample + (A '''sample''' is one or more parts taken … A '''sample''' is one or more parts taken from an ensemble that is studied. A sample is either stored for later quantification or prepared and possibly separated into subsamples, which are enclosed in a system for qualitative or quantitative investigation. A pure sample S is a pure gas, pure liquid or pure solid of a defined elementary [[entity]]-type. A pure biological sample is a cell type, tissue, or organism without its solid, liquid or gaseous environment. Then the system used to investigate sample S contains only entities of entity-type S, and the [[volume]] ''V''S [L] and [[mass]] ''m''S [kg] of the pure (sub)sample S are identical to the volume ''V'' and mass ''m'' of the experimental [[system]]. A pure sample S may be mixed with other components to be investigated as a solution, mixture, or suspension, indicated by the symbol s in contrast to the pure sample S. A sample s is obtained in combination with other components, such that the [[volume]] ''V''s [L] and [[mass]] ''m''s [kg] of the sample s are larger than the volume ''V''S and mass ''m''S of the pure sample S. For example, the number of cells ''N''ce [Mx] can be counted in a sample s of a cell suspension, whereas the mass ''m''ce [mg] of cells requires a pure sample S of cells to be measured on a mass-balance. Clarity of statistical representation is improved, if the symbol ''N'' is used for the number of [[primary sample]]s taken from a study group, and the symbol ''n'' is used for the number of subsamples studied as technical repeats.[[primary sample]]s taken from a study group, and the symbol ''n'' is used for the number of subsamples studied as technical repeats.)
Scalar + (A '''scalar''' is a pysicochemical quantit … A '''scalar''' is a pysicochemical quantity that is fully described by its magnitude. A potential difference, differences of concentration or pressure are scalars, whereas a potential gradient is a [[vector]]. Similarly, the [[protonmotive force]] and metabolic oxygen [[flux]] are scalars, whereas the fundamental [[force]]s of physics and [[velocity]] are vectors.[[velocity]] are vectors.)
Solutions + (A '''solution''' is {''Quote''}: A liquid … A '''solution''' is {''Quote''}: A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes. When, as is often but not necessarily the case, the sum of the mole fractions of solutes is small compared with unity, the solution is called a dilute solution. A superscript attached to the ∞ symbol for a property of a solution denotes the property in the limit of infinite dilution {''end of Quote'': [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05746.html IUPAC Gold Book]}.[[Solutions#Stock-.2C_storage-_and_working-solutions:_How_do_they_differ.3F |» '''MiPNet article''']]Solutions#Stock-.2C_storage-_and_working-solutions:_How_do_they_differ.3F |» '''MiPNet article''']])
Spectrofluorometer + (A '''spectrofluorometer''' makes use of a … A '''spectrofluorometer''' makes use of a [[spectrometer]] to measure and analyse the fluorescent emission spectra from a [[fluorophore]]. It will typically differ from an [[absorbance]] [[spectrophotometer]] in that it will have a larger [[slit width]] (to increase [[sensitivity]]) and use a longer [[integration time]]. The configuration of the illuminating and receiving optics also differ from [[spectrophotometry]] in that the excitation source is directed perpendicularly to the position of the emission [[detector]] so that the intensity of the excitation signal reaching the [[detector]] is minimised.[[detector]] is minimised.)
Spectrophotometer + (A '''spectrophotometer''' is an instrument … A '''spectrophotometer''' is an instrument that consists of an entrance slit, a dispersion device (see [[dispersion devices]] and a [[detector]] for the purpose of measuring the intensity of light emerging from a sample across a given wavelength range. A [[light source]] is also necessary in order for the instrument to function, and this may be located within the instrument or from an external source using [[lightguides]] or other [[optics]].[[optics]].)
Standard + (A '''standard''' is an established [[norm]] or [[requirement]] in regard to a defined system. It can consist of a formal document that establishes uniform criteria, methods, processes and practices.See also [[Harmonized standard]].)
Stirrer test + (A '''stirrer test''' is performed in the [[Oroboros O2k]] … A '''stirrer test''' is performed in the [[Oroboros O2k]] for quick evaluation of the performance of the [[OroboPOS]] and for [[POS calibration - dynamic|dynamic calibration]]. Stirring is stopped in both chambers and restarted after a selected period. The default period is 30 s, for experiments at 37 °C. At lower experimental temperature, this period should be prolonged (60 s at 25 °C). In the [[O2k-Open Support#O2k_Quality_Control |SOP (O2k Quality Control)]] for the [[O2k-Open_Support#1._O2_sensor_test|O2 sensor test]], the stirrer test is performed in the 'open' chamber in conjunction with [[Air calibration]]. In general, the stirrer test can be performed equally with an open or closed chamber. Upon automatic re-start of the stirrer (On), the increase of the oxygen signal should be rapid and monoexponential.the oxygen signal should be rapid and monoexponential.)
Three-electrode system + (A '''three-electrode system''' is the setu … A '''three-electrode system''' is the setup used in the [[Q-Sensor]], which is an integral part of the [[Q-Module]]. This system is used in voltammetry (including [[cyclic voltammetry]]) to study the current as a function of the applied potential using three different electrodes: 1) the working electrode 2) the reference electrode, and 3) the counter electrode. In the [[Q-Sensor]], the working or detecting electrode is a glassy carbon (GC) electrode that is set to a given potential and makes contact with the analyte. The potential of the working electrode is controlled by the constant potential of the a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode, which does not pass any current. The applied potential on the surface of the GC should be sufficient to either oxidize reduced analyte (in this case [[Coenzyme Q]]) or to reduce oxidized analyte. Thus, the counter electrode is a platinum electrode (Pt) that passes a current to counter these redox events by completing the circuit that is rate-limited by electron transfer on the GC. To determine the reduced Q fraction the GC electrode is set at the oxidation peak potential, which can be determined with [[cyclic voltammetry]].[[cyclic voltammetry]].)
Tissue homogenate + (A '''tissue homogenate''' (thom) is obtained through mechanical micro-disruption of fresh tissue and the cell membranes are mechanically permeabilized.)
User code - DatLab + (A '''user''' code or name is entered upon starting [[DatLab]]. This window pops up automatically after opening DatLab. Usernames are connected with personal [[Layout for DatLab graphs |graph layouts]].)
Vector + (A '''vector''' is a pysicochemical quantit … A '''vector''' is a pysicochemical quantity with magnitude and spatial direction of a [[gradient]]. Symbols for vectors are written in bold face. For example, [[velocity]], '''''v''''', and the fundamental [[force]]s of physics, '''''F''''', are vectors. An infinitesimal area is a vector, d'''''A''''', perpendicular to the plane. d'''''A''''', perpendicular to the plane.)
Working measurement standard + (A '''working measurement standard''' is a standard that is used routinely to calibrate or check material measures, measuring instruments or reference materials [SOURCE: VIM:1993, 6.7].)
In vitro diagnostic medical device + (A [[medical device]] … A [[medical device]] is an '''in vitro diagnostic medical device (IVD)''' if it is a reagent, calibrator, control material, kit, specimen receptacle, software, instrument, apparatus, equipment or system, whether used alone or in combination with other diagnostic goods for in vitro use.h other diagnostic goods for in vitro use.)
Steady state + (A [[system]] … A [[system]] is in a '''steady state''' if the state variables of a dynamic system do not change over time due to exchange processes with the environment, which compensate for internal dissipative transformations — such as chemical reactions or diffusion — and thus prevent any changes of the system and externalize dissipative changes to the environment. The dynamic nature of the steady state differentiates it from the thermodynamic equilibrium state. {''Quote''} Steady states can be obtained only in [[open system]]s, in which changes by internal transformations, ''e.g.'', O2 consumption, are instantaneously compensated for by external fluxes across the system boundary, ''e.g.'', O2 supply, thus preventing a change of O2 concentration in the system (Gnaiger 1993). Mitochondrial [[respiratory states]] monitored in [[closed system]]s satisfy the criteria of pseudo-steady states for limited periods of time, when changes in the system ([[concentration]]s of O2, fuel substrates, ADP, Pi, H+) do not exert significant effects on metabolic fluxes (respiration, phosphorylation). Such pseudo-steady states require respiratory media with sufficient buffering capacity and substrates maintained at kinetically-saturating concentrations, and thus depend on the kinetics of the processes under investigation. {''end of Quote'': [[BEC 2020.1]]}. Whereas fluxes may change at a steady state over time, concentrations are maintained constant. The 'respiratory steady state' (Chance and Williams 1955) is characterized by constant fluxes (O2 flux, H2O2 flux) and measured variables of state (cytochrome redox states, Q redox state, NADH redox state, mitochondrial membrane potential). [[High-resolution respirometry]] allows for the measurement of several parameters (''e.g.'' O2 flux, H2O2 flux, mitochondrial membrane potential) at pseudo-steady states, when changes of [[concentration]]s in the [[closed system]] do not exert any control on fluxes. Combination with the [[TIP2k-Module| Titration-Injection microPump (TIP2k)]] allows operation with programmable titration regimes at steady-state ADP concentration (Gnaiger 2001), oxygen concentration (oxystat mode; Gnaiger et al 2000, Harrison et al 2015) or steady-state pH (pH-stat more), yielding an expanded flexibility in experimental design by combining the technical advantages of closed and [[open system]]s approaches.en system]]s approaches.)
Uninterrupted power supply + (A back-up power supply may be required to secure '''uninterrupted power supply'''.)
Graph control - DatLab + (A combination of mouse and keyboard commands provides convenient control of graphs in DatLab 8.)
SUIT: Browse DL-Protocols and templates + (A comprehensive library of SUIT protocols … A comprehensive library of SUIT protocols including DatLab example traces, instructions, brief explanatory texts, links to relevant pages, representative diagrams and templates for data evaluation can be browsed from inside DatLab 7.4. Click on menu [Protocols]\SUIT: Browse DL-Protocols and templates to open a folder with all the [[MitoPedia: SUIT|SUIT protocols]] provided with the DatLab 7.4. [[Run DL-Protocol/Set O2 limit| DL-Protocols]] (DLP) for different [[MitoPedia: Sample preparations|sample preparations]] can be chosen to assess multiple sequences of respiratory [[Coupling control state|coupling control ]] and [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET-pathway ]] states. DL-Protocols posses unique D## codes and comprise a fixed sequence of events and marks which cannot be changed by the user. However, the users can edit titration volumes and concentrations in the Overview window of a DL-protocol, save the overview, and export the file as a [[Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)|user-specific DL-Protocol]] [File / Export / A or B: Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)]. In DatLab 7.4, fixed sequence of events and marks can be changed (Skip/Added) in a SUIT protocol by the user. Moreover, editions of text, instructions, concentrations and titration volumes of injections in a specific DL-Protocol can be edited and saved as [[Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)|user-specific DL-Protocol]] [File]\Export\DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU). For more information, see: [[Enable DL-Protocol editing]].[[Enable DL-Protocol editing]].)

Inside the O2k + (A glance '''inside the [[Oroboros O2k]]''')

TPP+ inhibitory effect + (A major task in establishing a procedure f … A major task in establishing a procedure for measurement of [[mitochondrial membrane potential]] using probe molecules is the evaluation of inhibitory concentrations of the probe molecule on the activity of respiration. The '''TPP+ inhibitory effect''' (this also applies to TPMP+ and other indicator molecules) is frequently ignored. Accurate knowledge of a threshold concentration is required to evaluate the necessary limit of detection of TPP+, and for restriction of experimental TPP+ concentrations below the inhibitory range.ion of experimental TPP+ concentrations below the inhibitory range.)
Experiment + (A number of replica, ''N'', of '''experime … A number of replica, ''N'', of '''experiment'''s on one [[sample type]] is designed to obtain statistical information about the involved [[population]](s) and to test hypotheses about a population and about differences between populations, when experiments are carried out on different sample types. An experiment may involve various [[assay]]s, ''e.g.'', a respirometric assay and an assay for protein determination.ay and an assay for protein determination.)
User - DatLab + (A user name is)
Light source + (A variety of '''light sources''' are avail … A variety of '''light sources''' are available for [[fluorometry]] and [[spectrophotometry]]. These include deuterium, mercury and xenon arc lamps and quartz halogen bulbs dependent upon the wavelengths required. However, the advent of [[light emitting diode]]s has greatly increased the possibilities for the application of [[fluorometry]] and [[spectrophotometry]] to areas that were previously not practicable, and at a much reduced cost.t practicable, and at a much reduced cost.)
Elasticity + (According to David Fell, "Elasticities are … According to David Fell, "Elasticities are properties of individual enzymes and not the metabolic system. The elasticity of an enzyme to a metabolite is related to the slope of the curve of the enzyme's rate plotted against metabolite concentration, taken at the metabolite concentrations found in the pathway in the metabolic state of interest. It can be obtained directly as the slope of the logarithm of the rate plotted against the logarithm of the metabolic concentration. The elasticity will change at each point of the curve (s,v) and must be calculated for the specific concentration of the metabolite (s) that will give a specific rate (r) of the enzyme activity" (See Figure).[[File:Elasticity_Measurement.jpg]][[File:Elasticity_Measurement.jpg]])
O2k control + (After selection of an O2k setup in the '''O2k control''' [F7] window, followed by a left-click '''Send to O2k''', only the following control functions are routinely required during experimental operations.)
Amperometric,Amp + (After selection of the Amperometric, Amp c … After selection of the Amperometric, Amp channel in the '''[[O2k configuration]]''', an Amperometric, Amp tab will appear in the '''O2k control''' [F7] window. Set the desired light intensity (0-1600) in the field ´Fluo intensity´ and the desired amplification of the signal (1-1000) in the field ´Gain for Fluo sensor´in the Amperometric, Amp window followed by a left-click '''Send to O2k'''. Switching off the [[Illumination on/off|illumination]] before each fluorometric measurement is routinely required.ometric measurement is routinely required.)
Connection window + (After starting [[DatLab]] either the '''Connection window''' opens automatically by default or open [[O2k control]] by pressing [F7] and select the communication port.)
Absorbance + (Also known as attenuation or extinction, ' … Also known as attenuation or extinction, '''absorbance''' (''A'') is a measure of the difference between the [[incident light]] intensity (''I''0) and the intensity of light emerging from a sample (''I''). It is defined as:''A'' = log (''I''0/''I'') is defined as: ''A'' = log (''I''0/''I''))
Intrinsic fluorophores + (An '''Intrinsic flourophore''' is a naturally occurring [[fluorophore]] of which [[NADH]], aromatic amino acids and flavins are examples.)
Absorption spectrum + (An '''absorption spectrum''' is similar to an [[absorbance spectrum]] of a sample, but plotted as a function of [[absorption]] against wavelength.)
Entity + (An '''entity''' of type ''X'' is something … An '''entity''' of type ''X'' is something that can measured as an [[extensive quantity]] or counted as an [[elementary entity]]. The term entity with symbol ''X'', therefore, has a general meaning, including but not limited to elementary entities ''U''''X''. The distinction can be emphasized by using the term entity-type ''X'', to avoid confusion of an entity ''X'' with the more restricted definition of elementary entity ''U''''X'' as a ''single'' countable object or event.ub>''X'' as a ''single'' countable object or event.)
Events - DatLab + (An '''event''' in [[DatLab]] … An '''event''' in [[DatLab]] is a defined point in time, labelled by a name (1 to 10 characters). An event applies to all plots of the selected O2k-Chamber. The event is shown by a vertical line in the graph and the label of the event is shown on the top (DatLab 6 and lower: on the bottom). The default name is the sequential number of the event. It is recommended to edit event labels with a minimum number of characters, and to explain the abbreviation in the 'Definition' box. The final concentration and titration volume can be entered into the corresponding boxes, if the event relates to the titration of a substance. A short comment can be entered to describe the event in detail. '''Set events''' - Manual events are entered (real-time, connected to the O2k) by pressing [F4] at the time of the event (e.g. to indicate a manual titration into the chamber). An event belongs either to chamber A, chamber B, or both. Instrumental events are added automatically, e.g. when the stirrer (A or B) or illumination (both chambers) is switched on or off.After setting a new event the Edit event window pops up. Pressing F4 defines the time point of the event. Full attention can then be paid to the experiment. Edit the event later, as it is possible to insert an event at any chosen moment of the plotted record of the experiment by placing the cursor anywhere in the graph at the selected time point by pressing Ctrl and clicking the left mouse button.'''Edit event''' - Left click on the name of an existing event to open the Edit event window to edit or Delete event.In events obtained from a selected [[DL-Protocols |protocol]], the entire sequence of consecutive events is defined with event names, definitions, concentrations and titration volumes.'''Name''' - Enter an event name of 1 to 10 characters. Short names (e.g. O instead of Open) are recommended.''' Comment''' - Further information can be entered into the text field.Select O2k-chamber A, B or both. The Event will be shown on plots for both or one selected chamber.»[[DL-Protocols#DL-Protocol_principles|Protocol events]][DL-Protocols#DL-Protocol_principles|Protocol events]])
Examination + (An '''examination''' is a set of operations having the object of determining the value or characteristics of a property. In some disciplines (e.g. microbiology) an examination is the total activity of a number of tests, observations or measurements.)
Experimental code + (An '''experimental code''' can be entered in the [[Sample - DatLab|Sample]] window, containing up to 10 digits.)
Interlaboratory comparison + (An '''interlaboratory comparison''' is the organization, performance and evaluation of measurements or tests on the same or similar items by two or more laboratories in accordance with predetermined conditions.)
Journal issue + (An '''issue''' of a journal or periodical is a number, which typically indicates how many times a [[Journal volume |volume]] of the journal has been published in sequence.)
Open system + (An '''open system''' is a system with boun … An '''open system''' is a system with boundaries that allow external exchange of energy and matter; the surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundaries ([[external flow]]s, ''I''ext).[[external flow]]s, ''I''ext).)
Outlier + (An '''outlier''' is a member of a set of v … An '''outlier''' is a member of a set of values which is inconsistent with other members of that set. An outlier can arise by chance from the expected population, originate from a different population, or be the result of an incorrect recording or other blunder. Many schemes use the term outlier to designate a result that generates an action signal. This is not the intended use of the term. While outliers will usually generate action signals, it is possible to have action signals from results that are not outliers [SOURCE: ISO 5725‑1:1994, modified].liers [SOURCE: ISO 5725‑1:1994, modified].)
Outlier-skewness index + (An '''outlier-skewness index''' ''OSI'' is … An '''outlier-skewness index''' ''OSI'' is defined for evaluation of the distribution of data sets with outliers including separate clusters or skewness in relation to a normal distribution with equivalence of the average and median. The ''OSI'' is derived from [http://www.statisticshowto.com/pearsons-coefficient-of-skewness/ Pearson’s coefficient of skewness] 2:: Pearson 2 coefficient = 3 · (average-median)/SDThe outlier-skewness index ''OSI'' introduces the absolute value of the arithmetic mean, ''m'' = ABS(average + median)/2, for normalization:: ''OSI'' = (average-median)/(''m'' + SD) : ''OSI'' = (average-median)/[ABS(average+median)/2 + SD]At the limit of a zero value of ''m'', the ''OSI'' equals the Pearson 2 coefficient (without the multiplication factor of 3). At high ''m'' with small standard deviation (SD), the ''OSI'' is effectively the difference between the average and the median normalized for ''m'', (average-median)/''m''.malized for ''m'', (average-median)/''m''.)
Uncoupler + (An '''uncoupler''' is a protonophore ([[CCCP]] … An '''uncoupler''' is a protonophore ([[CCCP]], [[FCCP]], [[DNP]], [[SF6847]]) which cycles across the inner mt-membrane with transport of protons and dissipation of the electrochemical proton gradient. Mild uncoupling may be induced at low uncoupler concentrations, the noncoupled state of [[ET capacity]] is obtained at optimum uncoupler concentration for maximum flux, whereas at higher concentrations an uncoupler-induced inhibition is observed. uncoupler-induced inhibition is observed.)
Endothermic + (An [[energy]] … An [[energy]] transformation is '''endothermic''' if the [[enthalpy]] change of a closed system is positive when the process takes place in the forward direction and heat is absorbed from the environment under isothermal conditions (∆e''Q'' > 0) without performance of work (∆e''W'' = 0). The same energy transformation is [[exothermic]] if it proceeds in the backward direction. Exothermic and endothermic transformations can proceed spontaneously without coupling only, if they are [[exergonic]].ergonic]].)
Exothermic + (An [[energy]] … An [[energy]] transformation is '''exothermic''' if the [[enthalpy]] change of a closed system is negative when the process takes place in the forward direction and heat is lost to the environment under isothermal conditions (∆e''Q'' < 0) without performance of work (∆e''W'' = 0). The same energy transformation is [[endothermic]] if it proceeds in the backward direction. Exothermic and endothermic transformations can proceed spontaneously without coupling only, if they are [[exergonic]].ergonic]].)
Assay + (An experimental '''assay''' is a method to … An experimental '''assay''' is a method to obtain a measurement with a defined instrument on a [[sample]] or [[subsample]]. Multiple assay types may be applied on the same sample or subsample, if the measurement does not destroy it. For instance, the wet weight of a permeabilized muscle fibre preparation can be determined based on a specific laboratory protocol (gravimetric assay), maintaining the functional integrity of the sample, which then can be used in a respirometric assay, followed by a spectrophotometric assay for measurement of protein content. The experimental design determines which types of assays have to be applied for a complete experiment. Destructive assays, such as determination of protein content or dry weight, can be applied on a sample only after performing a respirometric assay, or on a separate subsample. The experimental variability is typically dominated by the assay with the lowest [[resolution]] or signal to noise ratio. The signal to noise ratio may be increased by increasing the number, ''n'', of [[repetitions]] of measurements on subsamples. Evaluation of procedural variation ('experimental noise') due to instrumental resolution and handling requires subsampling from homogenous samples.uires subsampling from homogenous samples.)
Sample type + (An experimental '''sample type''' is the object of an [[experiment]]. A sample type is defined by the specifications of the [[population]] and by a specific sample preparation (see [[MitoPedia: Sample preparations]]).)