Property:Description
From Bioblast
This is a property of type Text.
D
'''Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase''' is an electron transfer complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane, converting dihydro-orotate (Dho) into orotate, and linking electron transfer through the [[Q-junction]] to pyrimidine synthesis and thus to the control of biogenesis. +
'''Dihydroethidium''' (also called hydroethidine) is a cell permeant fluorescent probe used to analyse superoxide presence. It is a reduced form of ethidium that presents blue fluorescence, and after oxidation by superoxide becomes able to intercalate DNA and emits red fluorescence (excitation wavelength ~518–535 nm, emission ~605–610 nm). It has been used to detect superoxide by HPLC and by fluorescence microscopy. +
Dilution of the concentration of a compound or sample in the experimental chamber by a titration of another solution into the chamber. +
'''Dimensions''' are defined in the SI {''Quote''}: Physical quantities can be organized in a system of dimensions, where the system used is decided by convention. Each of the seven base quantities used in the SI is regarded as having its own dimension. .. All other quantities, with the exception of [[count]]s, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities.
There are quantities ''Q'' for which the defining equation is such that all of the dimensional exponents in the equation for the dimension of ''Q'' are zero. This is true in particular for any quantity that is defined as the ratio of two quantities of the same kind. .. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a [[count]]. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one. {''end of Quote'': p 136, [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI)]]} +
'''Dimethyl sulfoxide''' is a polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water. DMSO may also be used as a cryoprotectant, added to cell media to reduce ice formation and thereby prevent cell death during the freezing process. +
'''Dinitrochlorobenzene (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene)''' (DNCB) is a glutathione (GSH) inhibitor. +
'''2,4-dinitrophenole''' (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>; M = 184.11 g·mol<sup>-1</sup>) is a protonophore acting as an [[uncoupler]] of [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. +
A '''directive''' is a legal act of the European Union, which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. +
The '''Directory of Open Access Journals''' is a free online directory that indexes and provides access to open access peer-reviewed journals. +
In a '''discontinuous system''', gradients in [[continuous system]]s across the length, ''l'', of the diffusion path [m], are replaced by differences across compartmental boundaries of zero thickness, and the local concentration is replaced by the free activity, ''α'' [mol·dm<sup>-3</sup>]. The length of the diffusion path may not be constant along all diffusion pathways, spacial direction varies (''e.g.'', in a spherical particle surrounded by a semipermeable membrane), and information on the diffusion paths may even be not known in a discontinuous system. In this case (''e.g.'', in most treatments of the [[protonmotive force]]) the diffusion path is moved from the (ergodynamic) isomorphic [[force]] term to the (kinetic) [[mobility]] term. The synonym of a discontinuous system is '''compartmental''' or discretized system. In the first part of the definition of discontinuous systems, three compartments are considered: (1) the source compartment A, (2) the sink compartment B, and (3) the internal barrier compartment with thickness ''l''. In a two-compartmental description, a system boundary is defined of zero thickness, such that the barrier comparment (''e.g.'', a semipermeable membrane) is either part of the system (internal) or part of the environment (external). Similarly, the intermediary steps in a chemical reaction may be explicitely considered in an ergodnamic multi-comparment system; alternatively, the kinetic analysis of all intermediary steps may be collectively considered in the catalytic reaction ''mobility'', reducing the measurement to a two-compartmental analysis of the substrate and product compartments. +
A '''dispersion device''' diffracts light at different angles according to its wavelength. Traditionally, prisms and [[diffraction gratings]] are used, the latter now being the most commonly used device in a [[spectrofluorometer]] or [[spectrophotometer]]. +
'''Display DatLab help'''
In this section, we present some issues that could happen during your data analysis related to the graphs display and how to fix them quickly.
Case in which an issue might occur:
::* While analysing your data, trying to close the program while the graph is still being loaded. If you cancel the closing window, the graph will not be loaded at the screen.
In the event of a frozen display of the graphs, try the alternatives below:
::* Click on: Graph > Autoscale time axis
::* Click on: Graph > Scaling (F6); then press OK to confirm the scaling and induce the program to reload the graphs (no changes in the graphs are required). +
The Power-O2k number, which is set in the pull-down menu Oroboros O2k \ [[O2k configuration]], is shown in the active graph. To show it in graphs copied to clipboard, the option "Show Oroboros icon in clipboard files" must be enabled in the Graph-menu [[Graph options - DatLab]]. +
If '''Display numerical value''' the current numerical values are displayed in the graph for the active plots on the Y1 axis and Y2 axis (during data acquisition only). +
The sodium salt of '''Dithionite''' Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (Dit) is the 'zero oxygen solution powder' used for [[Oxygen calibration - DatLab |calibration of oxygen sensors]] at [[Zero calibration | zero oxygen concentration]], or for stepwise reduction of oxygen [[concentration]]s in [[MiPNet14.06 Instrumental O2 background |instrumental O<sub>2</sub> background tests]]. It is not recommended to use dithionite in experiments with biological samples or several multisensor approaches, for these see [[Setting the oxygen concentration]]. +
The most common cause of '''drift''' is variation in the intensity of the [[light source]]. The effect of this can be minimised by carrying out a [[balance]] at frequent intervals. +
If a sample contains a number of absorbing substances, it is sometimes possible to select discrete pairs of wavelengths at which the change in [[absorbance]] of a particular substance (due to oxidation or reduction, for example) is largely independent of changes in the [[absorbance]] of other substances present. '''Dual wavelength analysis''' can be carried out for [[cytochrome c]] by subtracting the [[absorbance]] at 540 nm from that at 550nm in order to give a measure of the degree of reduction. Similarly, by subtracting the [[absorbance]] at 465 nm from that at 444 nm, an indicator of the [[redox state]] of [[Complex IV | cytochrome ''aa''<sub>3</sub>]] can be obtained. +
[[Electron-transfer-pathway state |ET-pathway level 2]] is supported by '''duroquinol''' DQ feeding electrons into Complex III (CIII) with further electron transfer to CIV and oxygen. Upstream pathways are inhibited by rotenone and malonic acid in the absence of other substrates linked to ET-pathways with entry into the Q-junction. +
'''Dyscoupled respiration''' is [[LEAK respiration]] distinguished from intrinsically (physiologically) uncoupled and from extrinsic experimentally [[Uncoupler|uncoupled]] respiration as an indication of extrinsic uncoupling (pathological, toxicological, pharmacological by agents that are not specifically applied to induce uncoupling, but are tested for their potential dyscoupling effect). Dyscoupling indicates a mitochondrial dysfunction.
In addition to intrinsic uncoupling, dyscoupling occurs under pathological and toxicological conditions. Thus a distinction is made between physiological uncoupling and pathologically defective dyscoupling in mitochondrial respiration. +
E
» [[Energy]], [[Exergy]] ''E''
» [[elementary charge]] ''e'' = 1.602 176 634∙10<sup>-19</sup> C∙x<sup>-1</sup>
» [[Euler's number]] ''e'' ~ 2.718 281 828 459
» [[ET capacity]] ''E'' +
[[File:J(E-L).jpg|50 px|E-L coupling efficiency]] The '''''E-L'' coupling efficiency''', ''j<sub>E-L</sub>'' = (''E-L'')/''E'' = 1-''L/E'', is 0.0 at zero coupling (''L''=''E'') and 1.0 at the limit of a fully coupled system (''L''=0). The background state is the [[LEAK respiration|LEAK]] state which is stimulated to flux in the [[electron transfer pathway]] reference state by [[uncoupler]] titration. LEAK states ''L''<sub>N</sub> or ''L''<sub>T</sub> may be stimulated first by saturating ADP (rate ''P'' in the OXPHOS state) with subsequent uncoupler titration to the ET state with maximum rate ''E''. The ''E-L'' coupling efficiency is based on measurement of a [[coupling-control ratio]] ([[LEAK-control ratio]], ''L/E''), whereas the thermodynamic or [[ergodynamic efficiency]] of coupling between ATP production (phosphorylation of ADP to ATP) and oxygen consumption is based on measurement of the output/input flux ratio (P»/O<sub>2</sub> ratio) and output/input force ratio (Gibbs force of phosphorylation/Gibbs force of oxidation). The [[biochemical coupling efficiency]] expressed as the ''E-L'' coupling efficiency is independent of kinetic control by the ''E-P'' control efficiency, and is equal to the [[P-L control efficiency |''P-L'' control efficiency]] if ''P=E'' as evaluated in a [[coupling-control protocol]].
» [[#Biochemical_coupling_efficiency:_from_0_to_.3C1 | '''MiPNet article''']] +
[[Image:E-L.jpg|50 px|E-L net ET capacity]] The '''''E-L'' net ET capacity''' is the [[ET capacity]] corrected for [[LEAK respiration]]. ''E-L'' is the respiratory capacity potentially available for ion transport and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Oxygen consumption in the ET-pathway state, therefore, is partitioned into the ''E-L'' net ET capacity and LEAK respiration ''L<sub>P</sub>'', compensating for proton leaks, slip and cation cycling: ''E'' = ''E-L''+''L<sub>P</sub>'' (see [[P-L net OXPHOS capacity]]). +
[[File:J(E-P).jpg|50 px|E-P control efficiency]] The '''''E-P'' control efficiency''', ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' = (''E-P'')/''E'' = 1-''P/E'', is an expression of the relative limitation of [[OXPHOS capacity]] by the capacity of the [[phosphorylation system]]. It is the normalized ''E-P'' excess capacity. ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' = 0.0 when OXPHOS capacity is not limited by the phosphorylation system at zero ''E-P'' excess capacity, ''P''=''E'', when the phosphorylation system does not exert any control over OXPHOS capacity. ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' increases with increasing control of the phosphorylation system over OXPHOS capacity. ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' = 1 at the limit of zero phosphorylation capacity. The [[OXPHOS]] state of mt-preparations is stimulated to [[electron transfer pathway]] capacity ''E'' by [[uncoupler]] titration, which yields the [[E-P excess capacity |''E-P'' excess capacity]]. +
[[Image:ExP.jpg|60 px|link=E-P excess capacity|''E-P'' excess capacity]] The '''''E-P'' excess capacity''' is the difference of the [[ET capacity]] and [[OXPHOS capacity]]. At ''E-P'' > 0, the capacity of the [[phosphorylation system]] exerts a limiting effect on OXPHOS capacity. In addition, ''E-P'' depends on coupling efficiency, since ''P'' aproaches ''E'' at increasing uncoupling. +
[[Image:j(E-R).jpg|50 px|E-R control efficiency]] The '''''E-R'' control efficiency''', ''j<sub>E-R</sub>'' = (''E-R'')/''E'' = 1-''R/E'', is an expression of the relative scope of increasing [[ROUTINE respiration]] in living cells by uncoupler titrations to obtain [[ET capacity]]. ''j<sub>E-R</sub>'' = 0.0 for zero ''E-R'' reserve capacity when ''R''=''E''; ''j<sub>E-R</sub>'' = 1.0 for the maximum limit when ''R''=0. The [[ROUTINE]] state of living cells is stimulated to [[electron transfer pathway]] capacity by [[uncoupler]] titration, which yields the [[E-R reserve capacity |''E-R'' reserve capacity]]. Since ET capacity is significantly higher than [[OXPHOS capacity]] in various cell types (as shown by '''[[cell ergometry]]'''), ''j<sub>E-R</sub>'' is not a reserve capacity available for the cell to increase oxidative phosphorylation, but strictly a scope (reserve) for uncoupling respiration. Similarly, the apparent [[E-P excess ET capacity |''E-P'' excess ET capacity]] is not a respiratory reserve in the sense of oxidative phosphorylation. +
[[Image:ExR.jpg|60 px|E-R reserve capacity]] The '''''E-R'' reserve capacity''' is the difference of [[ET capacity]] and [[ROUTINE respiration]]. For further information, see [[Cell ergometry]]. +
[[File:E.jpg]] '''T capacity''' is the respiratory electron-transfer-pathway capacity ''E'' of mitochondria measured as oxygen consumption in the noncoupled state at optimum [[uncoupler]] concentration. This optimum concentration is obtained by stepwise titration of an established protonophore to induce maximum oxygen flux as the determinant of ET capacity. The experimentally induced noncoupled state at optimum uncoupler concentration is thus distinguished from (''1'') a wide range of uncoupled states at any experimental uncoupler concentration, (''2'') physiological uncoupled states controlled by intrinsic uncoupling (e.g. UCP1 in brown fat), and (''3'') pathological dyscoupled states indicative of mitochondrial injuries or toxic effects of pharmacological or environmental substances. ET capacity in mitochondrial preparations requires the addition of defined fuel substrates to establish an ET-pathway competent state.
» [[#Why ET capacity, why not State 3u.3F | '''MiPNet article''']] +
[[Electron transfer pathway]] competent state, ''see'' '''[[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]'''. +
See '''[[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]''' +
[[File:EUROMIT.jpg|left|250px]]
'''EUROMIT''' is a group based in Europe for organizing '''International Meetings on Mitochondrial Pathology'''. +
'''Ectotherms''' are organisms whose body temperatures conform to the thermal environment. In many cases, therefore, ectotherms are [[poicilotherms | poicilothermic]]. +
'''Editorial board participation''' is a topic addressed in [[COPE core practices for research]]. +
'''Bendavia''' ('''Elamipretide''') was developed as a mitochondria-targeted drug against degenerative diseases, including cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clinical trials showed variable results. It is a cationic tetrapeptide which readily passes cell membranes, associates with [[cardiolipin]] in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Supercomplex-associated CIV activity significantly improved in response to elamipretide treatment in the failing human heart. +
According to David Fell, "Elasticities are properties of individual enzymes and not the metabolic system. The elasticity of an enzyme to a metabolite is related to the slope of the curve of the enzyme's rate plotted against metabolite concentration, taken at the metabolite concentrations found in the pathway in the metabolic state of interest. It can be obtained directly as the slope of the logarithm of the rate plotted against the logarithm of the metabolic concentration. The elasticity will change at each point of the curve (s,v) and must be calculated for the specific concentration of the metabolite (s) that will give a specific rate (r) of the enzyme activity" (See Figure).
[[File:Elasticity_Measurement.jpg]] +
'''Current''' or electric [[flow]] ''I''<sub>el</sub> is the [[advancement]] of [[charge]] per unit of time, expressed in the SI base unit [[ampere]] [C·s<sup>-1</sup> = A]. Electrons or ions are the current-carrying [[motive entity |motive entities]] of electric flow. Electrons e<sup>-</sup> are negatively charged subatomic particles carrying 'negative electricity' with a mass that is about 1/1700 of the smallest particle — the proton — carrying 'positive electricity' (Thompson 1906). Correspondingly the [[velocity]] of electrons is much higher than that of protons or any other (larger) ion. Current is the velocity ''v'' of paticles times the number of motive charges. Therefore, electron current ''I''<sub>e<sup>-</sup></sub> is of a different nature from electric current ''I''<sub>el''χ''</sub> carried by all species ''i'' of ions ''X<sub>i</sub>'' (cations and anions) summarized as ''χ'' = Σ(''z<sub>i</sub>''·''X<sub>i</sub>''). Whereas ''I''<sub>e<sup>-</sup></sub> is the net translocation of electrons moving forwards and backwards, ''I''<sub>el''χ''</sub> is the net translocation of charges carried by different cations and anions. In contrast, ion current ''I''<sub>elX</sub> of a specific ion X is the partial translocation of charges carried by net translocation of ion X only. If cation current ''I''<sub>elX<sup>+</sup></sub> is antagonized entirely by counterion current ''I''<sub>elY<sup>-</sup></sub> as the process of antiport, then the electric current ''I''<sub>el''χ''</sub> is zero. The (net) electric current in a compartmental system is driven by the electric force Δ<sub>el</sub>''F''<sub>p<sup>+</sup></sub> or electric potential difference Δ''Ψ''<sub>p<sup>+</sup></sub>, whereas a compensated ion/counterion antiport current is insensitive to the electric potential difference. +
'''Electric current density''' is [[current]] divided by area, ''j''=''I''·''A''<sup>-1</sup> [C·m<sup>-2</sup>]. Compare: [[density]]. +
[[File:Table Physical constants.png|right|400px|thumb|]] The '''electrochemical constant''' ''f'' has the SI unit for energy per charge per temperature [J·C<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup>].
''f'' = ''k''·''e''<sup>-1</sup>, the [[Boltzmann constant]] ''k'' divided by the [[elementary charge]] ''e''.
''f'' = ''R''·''F''<sup>-1</sup>, the [[gas constant]] ''R'' divided by the [[Faraday constant]] ''F''. +
[[Image:Electrolyte Reference-Electrode.jpg|right|180px|link=http://www.bioblast.at/index.php/Electrolyte%5CReference-Electrode]]'''Electrolyte\Reference-Electrode''' for [[Reference-Electrode\2.4 mm]] +
'''Electron flow''' through the mitochondrial [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pahway) is the scalar component of chemical reactions in oxidative phosphorylation ([[OXPHOS]]). Electron flow is most conveniently measured as oxygen consumption (oxygraphic measurement of [[oxygen flow]]), with four electrons being taken up when oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) is reduced to water. +
Electrons that escape the [[electron transfer pathway]] without completing the reduction of oxygen to water at cytochrome ''c'' oxidase, causing the production of [[Reactive_oxygen_species |ROS]]. The rate of electron leak depends on the topology of the complex, the redox state of the moiety responsible of electron leakiness and usually on the protonmotive force ([[Protonmotive force|Δ''p'']]). In some cases, the [[Protonmotive force|Δ''p'']] dependance relies more on the ∆pH component than in the ∆''Ψ''. +
In the mitochondrial '''electron transfer pathway''' (ET pathway) electrons are transferred from externally supplied reduced fuel substrates to oxygen. Based on this experimentally oriented definition (see [[ET capacity]]), the ET pathway consists of (1) the [[membrane-bound ET pathway]] with respiratory complexes located in the inner mt-membrane, (2) [[TCA cycle]] and other mt-matrix dehydrogenases generating NADH and succinate, and (3) the carriers involved in metabolite transport across the mt-membranes.
» [[#Electron transfer pathway versus electron transport chain |'''MiPNet article''']] +
[[File:SUIT-catg FNSGpCIV.jpg|right|400px]]
'''Electron-transfer-pathway states''' are obtained in [[mitochondrial preparations]] (isolated mitochondria, permeabilized cells, permeabilized tissues, tissue homogenate) by depletion of endogenous substrates and addition to the mitochondrial respiration medium of fuel substrates (CHNO) activating specific mitochondrial pathways, and possibly inhibitors of specific pathways. Mitochondrial electron-transfer-pathway states have to be defined complementary to mitochondrial [[coupling-control state]]s. [[Coupling-control state]]s require [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET-pathway competent states]], including oxygen supply. [[Categories of SUIT protocols]] are defined according to mitochondrial ET-pathway states.
» [[#ET_pathway_states |'''MiPNet article''']] +
'''Electron-transferring flavoprotein Complex''' (CETF) is a respiratory Complex localized at the matrix face of the inner mitochondrial membrane, supplies electrons to Q, and is thus an enzyme Complex of the mitochondrial [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pathway). CETF links the ß-oxidation cycle with the membrane-bound electron transfer system in [[fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO). +
'''Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series A-D - Former Product ''': not required for [[O2k-Core]], the [[O2k-Main Unit]] has to be returned to the OROBOROS workshop. +
'''Electronic-TIP2k Upgrading\O2k-Main Unit Series E - Former Series ''': not required for [[O2k-Core]], free of charge for Series E in conjunction with the purchase of the [[TIP2k-Module]], the [[O2k-Main Unit]] has to be returned to the OROBOROS workshop. +
[[File:Table Physical constants.png|right|400px|thumb|]] The '''elementary charge''' or proton charge ''e'' has the SI unit coulomb [C], but more strictly coulomb per elementary unit [C·x<sup>-1</sup>]. -''e'' is the charge per electron. Elementary charge ''e'' is the charge per [[elementary entity]] H<sup>+</sup> with SI unit [C] but canonical SI unit [C·x<sup>-1</sup>]. When the charge ''Q''<sub>el</sub> [C] of a number ''N''<sub>e</sub> [x] of electrons e is divided by the count ''N''<sub>e</sub>, then the [[particle charge]] ''Q<sub>N<sub>X</sub></sub>'' (''Q<sub><u>N</u>X</sub>'') charge per elementary entity is obtained, -''e'' = ''Q''<sub>el</sub>/''N''<sub>e</sub> [C·x<sup>-1</sup>]. ''e'' is also used as an atomic unit. +
[[File:Count-vs-number.png|right|120px|link=Unit]]
An '''elementary entity''' is an [[entity]] of type ''X'', distinguished as a single ''[[unit]]'' of countable objects (''X'' = molecules, cells, organisms, particles, parties, items) or events (''X'' = beats, collisions, emissions, decays, celestial cycles, instances, occurrences, parties). "An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles" ([[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI) |Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019)]]. An elementary entity, therefore, needs to be distinguished from non-countable entities and the general class of entities ''X''. This distinction is emphasized by the term 'elementary' (synonymous with 'elementary entity') with symbol ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> and [[unit |elementary unit]] [x].
If an object is defined as an assembly of particles (a party of two, a molecule as the assembly of a stoichiometric number of atoms), then the elementary is the assembly but not the assembled particle. A number of defined elementaries ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> is a [[count]], ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> = ''N''·''U''<sub>''X''</sub> [x], where ''N'' is a number, and as such ''N'' is dimensionless, and ''N'' is a ''number'' (stop) and is not 'a number of ..'. Elementaries are added as items to a count. The elementary ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> has the [[dimension]] U of the [[count]] ''N''<sub>''X''</sub>. The elementary ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> has the same unit [x] as the count ''N''<sub>''X''</sub>, or more accurately it gives the count the defining 'counting-unit', which is the 'elementary unit' [x]. From the definition of count as the number (''N'') of elementaries (''U'') of entity type ''X'', it follows that count divided by elementary is a pure number, ''N'' = ''N''<sub>''X''</sub>·''U''<sub>''X''</sub><sup>-1</sup>. The unit x of a count can neither be the entity ''X'' nor a number. The elementary of type ''X'' defines the identity ''X'' of the elementary ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> with the unit 'elementary unit' with symbol [x]. Since a count ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> is the number of elementary entities, the elementary ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> is not a count (''U''<sub>''X''</sub> is not identical with ''N''·''U''<sub>''X''</sub>).
[[File:Count-vs-number.png|right|120px|link=Elementary entity]]The '''elementary unit''' [x] is the unit of a [[count]] ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> [x]. The [[International System of Units]] defines the unit of a count as 1. Then the '''N'''umber 1 is the '''U'''nit of the '''C'''ount of '''E'''ntities — NUCE. This causes a number of formal inconsistencies which are resolved by introducing the elementary unit [x] as the abstracted unit of Euclid’s unit, which is an [[elementary entity]] ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> [x], and as the unit of Euclid’s number, which is a count ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> [x]. +
'''Enable DL-Protocol editing''' is a novel function of DatLab 7.4 offering a new feature in DL-Protocols: flexibility. Fixed sequences of events and marks can be changed (Skip/Added) in a SUIT protocol by the user. Moreover, the text, instructions, concentrations and titration volumes of injections in a specific DL-Protocol can be edited and saved as [[Export_DL-Protocol_User_(*.DLPU)| user-specific DL-Protocol]] [File]\Export\DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU). To enable it, under the 'Protocols' tab in the menu, select the option 'Enable DL-Protocol editing', and then select the plot in which the marks will be set (''e.g.,'' O2 flux per V). Select the 'Overview' window, where you will be able to edit events and marks names, definition/state, final concentration and titration volumes, as well as select a mark as 'multi' for multiple titration steps, skip a mark, or add a new event or mark. After saving, [[Export_DL-Protocol_User_(*.DLPU)|export a DL-Protocol User (DLPU)]] and load it before running the next experiments. If users of DatLab versions older than DatLab 7.4 wish to alter the nature of the chemicals used or the sequence of injections, we ask them to [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/o2k-technical-support/ contact the O2k-Technical Support].
For more information:
[[Image:PlayVideo.jpg|50px|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd66dHx-MyI]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd66dHx-MyI Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)] +
'''Endergonic''' transformations or processes can proceed in the forward direction only by coupling to an [[exergonic]] process with a driving force more negative than the positive force of the endergonic process. The backward direction of an endergonic process is exergonic. The distinction between endergonic and [[endothermic]] processes is at the heart of [[ergodynamics]], emphasising the concept of [[exergy]] changes, linked to the performance of [[work]], in contrast to [[enthalpy]] changes, linked to [[heat]] or thermal processes, the latter expression being terminologically linked to ''thermodynamics''. +
