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List of results

• PH  + (The '''pH value''' or pH is the negative o … The '''pH value''' or pH is the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the [[activity]] of [[proton]]s (hydrogen ions, H⁺). A [[pH electrode]] reports the pH and is sensitive to the activity of H⁺. In dilute solutions, the hydrogen ion activity is approximately equal to the hydrogen ion [[concentration]]. The symbol pH stems from the term ''potentia hydrogenii''.[[concentration]]. The symbol pH stems from the term ''potentia hydrogenii''.)
• Partial oxygen pressure  + (The '''partial oxygen pressure''' ''p''< … The '''partial oxygen pressure''' ''p''_O₂ [kPa] is the contribution of the O₂ gas pressure to the total gas pressure. According to the gas law, the partial oxygen pressure is ''p''_O₂(g) = ''n''_O₂(g)·''V''·''RT'', where the [[concentration]] is ''c''_O₂(g) = ''n''_O₂(g)·''V''^-1 [mol·m^-3], ''R'' is the [[gas constant]], and ''T'' is the absolute temperature, and ''RT'' is expressed in units of chemical force [J·mol^-1]. In aqueous solutions at equilibrium with a gas phase, the partial O₂ pressures are equal in the aqueous phase (aq) and gas phase (g), ''p''_O₂(aq) = ''p''_O₂(g) at total [[pressure]]s where the partial pressure equals the fugacity. The O₂ concentration in the aqueous phase, however, is much lower than in the gas phase, due to the low [[oxygen solubility]] in water. The activity of dissolved O₂ is expressed by the ''p''_O₂, where the [[solubility]] can be seen as an activity coefficient.ubility]] can be seen as an activity coefficient.)
• Particle charge  + (The '''particle charge''' ''Q<sub>N& … The '''particle charge''' ''Q_{N_X}'' (''Q_<u>N</u>X'') or charge per elementary entity is the [[charge]] ''Q''_el''X'' [C] carried by ions of type ''X'' divided by the count ''N_X'' [x]. The particle charge per proton is the [[elementary charge]] or proton charge ''e''.[[elementary charge]] or proton charge ''e''.)
• Pascal  + (The '''pascal''' [Pa] is the SI unit for [[pressure]] … The '''pascal''' [Pa] is the SI unit for [[pressure]]. [Pa] = [J·m^-3] = [N·m^-2] = [m^-1·kg·s^-2].</br></br>The standard pressure is 100 kPa = 1 bar (10⁵ Pa; 1 kPa = 1000 Pa). Prior to 1982 the standard pressure has been defined as 101.325 kPa or 1 standard atmosphere (1 atm = 760 mmHg).982 the standard pressure has been defined as 101.325 kPa or 1 standard atmosphere (1 atm = 760 mmHg).)
• Phosphate carrier  + (The '''phosphate carrier''' (PiC) is a pro … The '''phosphate carrier''' (PiC) is a proton/phosphate symporter which transports negatively charged [[inorganic phosphate]] across the inner mt-membrane. The transport can be described either as symport of H⁺ with P_i, or antiport of hydroxide anion against P_i. The phosphate carrier is a component of the [[phosphorylation system]].[[phosphorylation system]].)
• Primary sample  + (The '''primary sample''' or '''specimen''' … The '''primary sample''' or '''specimen''' is a set of one or more parts initially taken from an object. In some countries, the term “specimen” is used instead of primary sample (or a subsample of it), which is the sample prepared for sending to, or as received by, the laboratory and which is intended for examination.ory and which is intended for examination.)
• Protonmotive force  + (The '''protonmotive force''' ∆<sub>m … The '''protonmotive force''' ∆_m''F''_H⁺ is known as Δp in Peter Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory [1], which establishes the link between electric and chemical components of energy transformation and coupling in [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. The unifying concept of the ''pmF'' ranks among the most fundamental theories in biology. As such, it provides the framework for developing a consistent theory and nomenclature for mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. The protonmotive force is not a vector force as defined in physics. This conflict is resolved by the generalized formulation of isomorphic, compartmental [[force]]s, ∆_tr''F'', in energy (exergy) transformations [2]. Protonmotive means that there is a potential for the movement of protons, and force is a measure of the potential for motion.</br></br>The ''pmF'' is generated in [[oxidative phosphorylation]] by oxidation of reduced fuel substrates and reduction of O₂ to H₂O, driving the coupled proton translocation from the mt-matrix space across the mitochondrial inner membrane (mtIM) through the proton pumps of the [[electron transfer pathway]] (ETS), which are known as respiratory Complexes CI, CIII and CIV. ∆_m''F''_H⁺ consists of two partial isomorphic forces: (''1'') The chemical part, ∆_d''F''_H⁺, relates to the diffusion (d) of uncharged particles and contains the chemical potential difference^§ in H⁺, ∆''µ''_H⁺, which is proportional to the pH difference, ∆pH. (''2'') The electric part, ∆_el''F''_p⁺ (corresponding numerically to ∆''Ψ'')^§, is the electric potential difference^§, which is not specific for H⁺ and can, therefore, be measured by the distribution of any permeable cation equilibrating between the negative (matrix) and positive (external) compartment. Motion is relative and not absolute (Principle of Galilean Relativity); likewise there is no absolute potential, but isomorphic forces are stoichiometric potential differences^§.</br></br>The total motive force (motive = electric + chemical) is distinguished from the partial components by subscript ‘m’, ∆_m''F''_H⁺. Reading this symbol by starting with the proton, it can be seen as ''pmF'', or the subscript m (motive) can be remembered by the name of Mitchell,</br></br> ∆_m''F''_H⁺ = ∆_d''F''_H⁺ + ∆_el''F''_p⁺</br></br>With classical symbols, this equation contains the [[Faraday constant]], ''F'', multiplied implicitly by the charge number of the proton (''z''_H⁺ = 1), and has the form [1]</br></br> ∆p = ∆''µ''_H⁺∙''F''^-1 + ∆''Ψ''</br></br>A partial electric force of 0.2 V in the electrical [[format]], ∆_el''F''_{<u>''e''</u>H⁺''a''}, is 19 kJ∙mol^-1 H⁺_''a'' in the molar format, ∆_el''F''_{<u>''n''</u>p⁺''a''}. For 1 unit of ∆pH, the partial chemical force changes by -5.9 kJ∙mol^-1 in the molar format, ∆_d''F''_{<u>''n''</u>H⁺''a''}, and by 0.06 V in the electrical format, ∆_d''F''_{<u>''e''</u>H⁺''a''}. Considering a driving force of -470 kJ∙mol^-1 O₂ for oxidation, the thermodynamic limit of the H⁺_''a''/O₂ ratio is reached at a value of 470/19 = 24, compared to the mechanistic stoichiometry of 20 for the [[N-pathway]] with three coupling sites.)
• Protonmotive pressure  + (The '''protonmotive pressure''', ∆<sub& … The '''protonmotive pressure''', ∆_m''Π''_H⁺ or ''pmP'' [kPa], is an extension of Peter Mitchell’s concept of the [[protonmotive force]] ''pmF'', based on Fick’s law of diffusion and Einstein’s diffusion equation, accounting for osmotic pressure (corresponding to the diffusion term in the ''pmF'') and electric pressure (the electric term or membrane potential in the ''pmF''). The linearity of the generalized flow-pressure relationship explains the non-ohmic flow-force dependence in the proton leak rate as a function of membrane potential.</br></br>The total motive pressure (motive = electric + chemical) is distinguished from the partial components by subscript ‘m’, ∆_m''Π''_H⁺,</br></br> ∆_m''Π''_H⁺ = ∆_d''Π''_H⁺ + ∆_el''Π''_p⁺ub>''Π''_H⁺ = ∆_d''Π''_H⁺ + ∆_el''Π''_p⁺)
• Raw signal of the oxygen sensor  + (The '''raw signal''' of the polarographic … The '''raw signal''' of the polarographic oxygen sensor is the [[current]] ''I''_el [µA], 1 µA = 10^-6 C·s^-1, (DatLab 8) or the electric potential difference ([[voltage]]) [V], 1 V = 1 J·C^-1, obtained after a current-to-voltage conversion in the O2k (DatLab 7 and previous versions).btained after a current-to-voltage conversion in the O2k (DatLab 7 and previous versions).)
• Reference state  + (The '''reference state''' Z (reference rat … The '''reference state''' Z (reference rate ''Z_X'') is the respiratory state with high flux in relation to the [[background state]] Y with low background flux ''Y_X''. The transition between the background state and the reference state is a step brought about by a [[metabolic control variable]] ''X''. If ''X'' stimulates flux (ADP, fuel substrate), it is present in the reference state but absent in the background state. If ''X'' is an inhibitor of flux, it is absent in the reference state but present in the background state. The reference state is specific for a single step to define the [[flux control efficiency]]. In contrast, in a sequence of multiple steps, the common reference state is frequently taken as the state with the highest flux in the entire sequence, as used in the definition of the [[flux control ratio]].[[flux control ratio]].)
• Respiratory acceptor control ratio  + (The '''respiratory acceptor control ratio' … The '''respiratory acceptor control ratio''' (''RCR'') is defined as [[State 3]]/[[State 4]] [1]. If State 3 is measured at saturating [ADP], ''RCR'' is the inverse of the OXPHOS control ratio, ''[[L/P]]'' (when State 3 is equivalent to the OXPHOS state, ''P''). ''RCR'' is directly but non-linearly related to the [[P-L control efficiency |''P-L'' control efficiency]], ''j''_''P-L'' = 1-''L/P'', with boundaries from 0.0 to 1.0. In contrast, ''RCR'' ranges from 1.0 to infinity, which needs to be considered when performing statistical analyses. In living cells, the term ''RCR'' has been used for the ratio [[State 3u]]/[[State 4o]], i.e. for the inverse ''[[L/E]]'' ratio [2,3]. Then for conceptual and statistical reasons, ''RCR'' should be replaced by the [[E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]], 1-''L/E'' [4].[[E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]], 1-''L/E'' [4].)
• Signal-to-noise ratio  + (The '''signal to noise ratio''' is the ratio of the power of the signal to that of the noise. For example, in [[fluorimetry]] it would be the ratio of the square of the [[fluorescence]] intensity to the square of the intensity of the background noise.)
• Slit width  + (The '''slit width''' determines the amount of light entering the [[spectrofluorometer]] or [[spectrophotometer]]. A larger slit reduces the [[signal-to-noise ratio]] but reduces the wavelength [[resolution]].)
• Solubility  + (The '''solubility''' of a gas, ''S''_G, is defined as concentration divided by partial pressure, ''S''_G = ''c''_G·''p''_G^-1.)
• SUIT reference protocol  + (The '''substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titra … The '''substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration ([[SUIT]]) reference protocol''', SUIT RP, provides a common baseline for comparison of mitochondrial respiratory control in a large variety of species, tissues and cell types, mt-preparations and laboratories, for establishing a database on comparative mitochondrial phyisology. The SUIT RP consists of two [[harmonized SUIT protocols]] ([[SUIT-001]] - RP1 and [[SUIT-002]] - RP2). These are coordinated such that they can be statistically evaluated as replicate measurements of [[cross-linked respiratory states]], while additional information is obtained when the two protocols are conducted in parallel. Therefore, these harmonized SUIT protocols are complementary with their focus on specific respiratory coupling and pathway control aspects, extending previous strategies for respirometrc OXPHOS analysis.</br></br>: [[SUIT-001]] (RP1): 1PM;2D;2c;3U;4G;5S;6Oct;7Rot;8Gp;9Ama;10Tm;11Azd</br></br>: [[SUIT-002]] (RP2): 1D;2OctM;2c;3P;4G;5S;6Gp;7U;8Rot;9Ama;10Tm;11AzdtM;2c;3P;4G;5S;6Gp;7U;8Rot;9Ama;10Tm;11Azd)
• Mitochondrial transcription factor A  + (The '''transcription factor A''' is a gene … The '''transcription factor A''' is a gene that encodes a mitochondrial transcription factor that is a key activator of mitochondrial transcription as well as a participant in mitochondrial genome replication. TFAM is downstream of [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha|PGC-1alpha]].[[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha|PGC-1alpha]].)
• Tricarboxylate carrier  + (The '''tricarboxylate carrier''' in the inner mt-membrane exchanges malate^2- for citrate^3- or isocitrate^3-, with co-transport of H⁺.)
• Tricarboxylic acid cycle  + (The '''tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle''' i … The '''tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle''' is a system of enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix arranged in a cyclic metabolic structure, including dehydrogenases that converge in the NADH pool and [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (on the inner side of the inner mt-membrane) for entry into the membrane-bound ET pathway [[Membrane-bound ET pathway|mET pathway]]. [[Citrate synthase]] is a marker enzyme of the TCA cycle, at the gateway into the cycle from [[pyruvate]] via [[acetyl-CoA]]. It is thus the major module of the [[Electron transfer pathway]], upstream of the inner [[Membrane-bound ET pathway|Membrane-bound ET pathway]] (mET-pathway) and downstream of the [[Mitochondrial outer membrane|outer mt-membrane]]. Sections of TCA cycle are required for [[fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO, β-oxidation). [[Anaplerosis|Anaplerotic reactions]] fuel the TCA cycle with other intermediary metabolites. In the cell, the TCA cycle serves also biosynthetic functions by metabolite export from the matrix into the cytosol.e export from the matrix into the cytosol.)
• Uncoupling-control ratio  + (The '''uncoupling-control ratio''' UCR is … The '''uncoupling-control ratio''' UCR is the ratio of ET-pathway/ROUTINE-respiration (''E/R'') in living cells, evaluated by careful [[uncoupler]] titrations ([[Steinlechner-Maran 1996 Am J Physiol Cell Physiol|Steinlechner et al 1996]]). Compare [[ROUTINE-control ratio]] (''R/E'') [[Gnaiger 2008 POS|(Gnaiger 2008)]].[[Gnaiger 2008 POS|(Gnaiger 2008)]].)
• Journal volume  + (The '''volume''' of a journal or periodica … The '''volume''' of a journal or periodical is a number, which in many cases indicates the sequential number of years the journal has been published. Alternatively, the volume number may indicate the current year, independent of the year in which the journal published its first volume. A volume may be subdivided into [[Journal issue |issues]].[[Journal issue |issues]].)
• Wet mass  + (The '''wet mass''' of a tissue or biological sample, obtained after blotting the sample to remove an arbitrary amount of water adhering externally to the sample.)
• Permeability transition pore  + (The (mitochondrial, mt) permeability trans … The (mitochondrial, mt) permeability transition pore (PTP) is an unspecific pore presumed to involve components of both the inner and outer mt membrane which upon opening induces a massive increase of the inner mt membrane permeability for solutes up to 1.5 kDa. It is crucially involved in cell death induction in response to, among other stimuli, radical stress and/or calcium overload and may cause necrosis or apoptosis. It plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and possibly various other diseases. Previously considered essential molecular constituents such as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) and cyclophilin D (CypD) have all been shown to be important regulators of mtPTP opening, but the molecular entities actually forming the pore are still unknown at present. The opening of the pore can be prevented using [[cyclosporin A]], a compound that binds cyclophilin D avoiding the formation of the pore. In respirometry, mtPTP opening may be observed as a sudden decrease of respiration of isolated mitochondria ([[Hansson 2010 J Biol Chem]]).[[Hansson 2010 J Biol Chem]]).)
• Search for defective O2k components  + (The 2-chamber design of the O2k helps to '''search for defective O2k components''', by switching components linked to O2k chambers A and B between sides A and B.)
• P»-system  + (The ADP-ATP phosphorylation system or P»-system. ''See'' [[Phosphorylation system]].)
• CDGSH iron-sulfur domain proteins  + (The CDGSH iron-sulfur domain (CISDs) famil … The CDGSH iron-sulfur domain (CISDs) family of proteins uniquely ligate labile 2Fe-2S clusters with a 3Cys-1His motif. CISD1 and CISD3 have been demonstrated to localize to the outer mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial matrix respectively, however their relationship to mitochondrial physiology remains ill-defined [1]. The best characterized member of the CISD family, CISD1, has been demonstrated to be involved in respiratory capacity, iron homeostasis, and ROS regulationcity, iron homeostasis, and ROS regulation)

• French Group of Bioenergetics  + (The French Group of Bioenergetics...)

• O2k control panel - DatLab  + (The O2k control panel allows for quick acc … The O2k control panel allows for quick access of O2k instrument settings. It covers the right side of the graphical user interface of DatLab 8. If a DatLab protocol is active, the protocol panel ist shown instead, a tab at the right side allows to switch between O2k control panel and protocol panel.ween O2k control panel and protocol panel.)
• Closed chamber  + (The O2k-chamber can be used as a [[closed system]] or [[open system]]. Gas bubbles must be avoided.)
• OroboPOS-Connector Service  + (The OroboPOS-Connector Service entails routine maintenance and any necessary repairs of the OroboPOS-Connector in the Oroboros electronics workshop (WGT).)
• PC requirements  + (The PC requirements for controlling an O2k and data recording with [[DatLab]] are found [[DatLab installation |here]].)
• Display Power-O2k  + (The Power-O2k number, which is set in the … The Power-O2k number, which is set in the pull-down menu Oroboros O2k \ [[O2k configuration]], is shown in the active graph. To show it in graphs copied to clipboard, the option "Show Oroboros icon in clipboard files" must be enabled in the Graph-menu [[Graph options - DatLab]].[[Graph options - DatLab]].)
• TIP2k - DatLab  + (The Titration-Injection microPump (TIP2k) provides automated injection of liquids into both O2k chambers. It is controlled via DatLab, allowing for programmable titration regimes and feedback control.)
• MtOM  + (The [[Mitochondrial outer membrane| '''mitochondrial outer membrane''']])
• Succinate transport  + (The [[dicarboxylate carrier]] catalyses the electroneutral exchange of succinate^2- for HPO_4-^2-.)
• Ampere  + (The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of el … The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge ''e'' to be 1.602 176 634 × 10⁻¹⁹ when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of Δ''ν''_Cs.the second is defined in terms of Δ''ν''_Cs.)
• Isolated system  + (The boundaries of '''isolated system'''s a … The boundaries of '''isolated system'''s are impermeable for all forms of energy and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, ''e.g.'', internal entropy production, d_i''S''/d''t'', internal formation of chemical species ''i'' which is produced in a reaction ''r'', d_i''n_i''/d''t'' = d_r''n_i''/d''t''. In isolated systems some internal terms are restricted to zero by various conservation laws which rule out the production or destruction of the respective quantity. by various conservation laws which rule out the production or destruction of the respective quantity.)
• Calorespirometric ratio  + (The calorimetric/respirometric or '''calor … The calorimetric/respirometric or '''calorespirometric ratio''' (CR ratio) is the ratio of calorimetrically and respirometrically measured heat and oxygen flux, determinded by [[calorespirometry]]. The experimental CR ratio is compared with the theoretically derived [[oxycaloric equivalent]], and agreement in the range of -450 to -480 kJ/mol O₂ indicates a balanced [[aerobic]] energy budget ([[Gnaiger_1987_PhysiolZool|Gnaiger and Staudigl 1987]]). In the transition from aerobic to [[anaerobic | anaerobic metabolism]], there is a [[Limiting pO2|limiting ''p''_O2]], ''p''_lim, below which CR ratios become more exothermic since anaerobic energy flux is switched on.h CR ratios become more exothermic since anaerobic energy flux is switched on.)
• Candela  + (The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of … The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10¹² Hz, ''K''_cd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W⁻¹.;/sub>, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W⁻¹.)
• Illumination  + (The chambers of the [[OROBOROS O2k|Oroboros O2k]] … The chambers of the [[OROBOROS O2k|Oroboros O2k]] are illuminated by an internal LED. The '''illumination''' is switched on and off in [[DatLab]] during the experiment by pressing [F10]. This illumination must be distinguished from light introduced into the chambers by LEDs for the purpose of spectrophotometric and fluorometric measurements. For these, the internal illumination must be switched off.nternal illumination must be switched off.)
• Matrix-ETS  + (The component of the electron transfer sys … The component of the electron transfer system located in the mitochondrial matrix ('''matrix-ETS''') is distringuished from the ETS bound to the mt-inner membrane (membrane-ETS). Electron transfer and corresponding OXPHOS capacities are classically studied in mitochondrial preparations as oxygen consumption supported by various fuel substrates undergoing partial oxidation in the mt-matrix, such as pyruvate, malate, succinate, and others.s pyruvate, malate, succinate, and others.)
• Affinity of reaction  + (The concept of '''affinity''' and hence ch … The concept of '''affinity''' and hence chemical force is deeply rooted in the notion of '''attraction''' (and repulsion) of alchemy, which was the foundation of chemistry originally, but diverted away from laboratory experiments towards occult secret societies [1].^** Newton's extensive experimental alchemical work and his substantial written track record on alchemy (which he did not publish) is seen today as a key inspiration for his development of the concept of the gravitational force [2-4]. This marks a transition of the meaning of affinity, from the descriptive 'adjacent' (proximity) to the causative 'attractive' (force) [5]. Correspondingly, Lavoisier (1790) equates affinity and force [6]: “''... the degree of force or affinity with which the acid adheres to the base''” [5]. By discussing the influence of electricity and gravity on chemical affinity, Liebig (1844) considers affinity as a force [7]. This leads to Guldberg and Waage's [[mass action ratio]] ('Studies concerning affinity', 1864; see [5]), the free energy and chemical affinity of Helmholtz (1882 [8]), and chemical thermodynamics of irreversible processes [9], where flux-force relations are center stage [10]. </br></br>According to the IUPAC definition, the '''affinity of reaction''', ''A'' [J·mol^-1], equals the negative molar Gibbs energy of reaction [11], which is the negative Gibbs [[force]] of reaction (derivative of [[Gibbs energy]] per [[advancement]] of reaction [12]):</br></br> -''A'' = Δ_r''F'' = ∂''G''/∂_r''ξ''</br></br>The historical account of affinity is summarized by concluding, that today affinity of reaction should be considered as an isomorphic motive '''force''' and be generalized as such. This will help to (''1'') avoid confusing reversals of sign conventions (repulsion = negative attraction; pull = negative push), (''2'') unify symbols across classical and nonequilibrium thermodynamics [12,13], and thus (''3'') facilitate interdisciplinary communication by freeing ourselves from the alchemical, arcane scientific nomenclature.ry communication by freeing ourselves from the alchemical, arcane scientific nomenclature.)
• Latent mitochondrial dysfunction  + (The concept on '''latent mitochondrial dys … The concept on '''latent mitochondrial dysfunction''' presents the working hypothesis that the dynamic mitochondrial stress response provides a more sensitive and integrative marker for degenerative disease-related defects compared to acute mitochondrial dysfunction. The risk for developing a disease may be quantified in terms of a stress response, rather than a static pathophysiological state. Acute and latent mitochondrial dysfunction are studied at baseline and in response to a particular (e.g. oxidative) stress, using a mitochondrial stress resistance test.ng a mitochondrial stress resistance test.)
• Mark specifications - DatLab  + (The function '''Mark specifications''' is … The function '''Mark specifications''' is largely replaced by [[SUIT: Browse DL-Protocols and templates |SUIT DL-Protocols]] and [[Instrumental: Browse DL-Protocols and templates |Instrumental DL-Protocols]] in [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/datlab/ DatLab 7.4]. Mark specifications allow the user to rename [[Marks - DatLab| Marks]] in the active plot and save/recall the settings. Rename marks individually by clicking into the horizontal bar, or use corresponding templates for renaming the entire sequence of marks.for renaming the entire sequence of marks.)
• Hydride  + (The hydride anion is the species H⁻.)
• Illumination on/off  + (The illumination in both chambers is switched on/off.)
• Kelvin  + (The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant ''k'' to be 1.380 649 × 10⁻²³ when expressed in the unit J x^-1 K⁻¹.)
• Kilogram  + (The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of … The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant ''h'' to be 6.626 070 15 × 10⁻³⁴ when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m² s⁻¹, where the meter and the second are defined in terms of ''c'' and Δ''ν''_Cs.he meter and the second are defined in terms of ''c'' and Δ''ν''_Cs.)
• Malate-aspartate shuttle  + (The malate-aspartate shuttle involves the … The malate-aspartate shuttle involves the glutamate-aspartate carrier and the 2-oxoglutarate carrier exchanging malate^2- for 2-oxoglutarate^2-. Cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and transaminase complete the shuttle for the transport of cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial matrix. It is most important in heart, liver and kidney.chondrial matrix. It is most important in heart, liver and kidney.)
• Mouse control: Mark  + (The mark mode is active by default, can be … The mark mode is active by default, can be selected in the menu or by [Ctrl+M]. If '''Mouse control: Mark''' is enabled, specific sections of the experiment can be marked in each plot. </br>Usually, marks are set on the plot for oxygen concentration for calibration, whereas marks on the plot for oxygen flux are set for exporting the median or average of flux to a table.</br></br>»More details: [[Marks - DatLab]].[Marks - DatLab]].)
• Wavelength range  + (The minimum and the maximum wavelengths ov … The minimum and the maximum wavelengths over which an [[absorbance spectrum]] is measured are described in terms of the [[wavelength range]]. It is determined mainly by the specifications of the [[spectrophotometer]] and the type of [[light source]] used, and the characteristic [[absorbance spectrum]] of the sample being investigated.[[absorbance spectrum]] of the sample being investigated.)
• Ergodynamics  + (The mission of '''ergodynamics''' is the r … The mission of '''ergodynamics''' is the revelation of relations of general validity. "''Thermodynamics deals with relationships between properties of systems at equilibrium and with differences in properties between various equilibrium states. It has nothing to do with time. Even so, it is one of the most powerful tools of physical chemistry''" [1]. '''Ergodynamics''' is the theory of exergy changes (from the Greek word 'erg' which means [[work]]). Ergodynamics includes the fundamental aspects of thermodynamics ('[[heat]]') and the thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP; nonequilibrium thermodynamics), and thus links thermodynamics to kinetics. In its most general scope, ergodynamics is the science of [[energy]] transformations. Classical thermodynamics includes [[open system]]s, yet as a main focus it describes [[closed system]]s. This is reflected in a nomenclature that is not easily applicable to the more general case of open systems [2]. At present, IUPAC recommendations [3] fall short of providing adequate guidelines for describing energy transformations in open systems.ng energy transformations in open systems.)