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- Sample + (A '''sample''' is one or more parts taken … A '''sample''' is one or more parts taken from an ensemble that is studied. A sample is either stored for later quantification or prepared and possibly separated into subsamples, which are enclosed in a system for qualitative or quantitative investigation. A pure sample S is a pure gas, pure liquid or pure solid of a defined elementary [[entity]]-type. A pure biological sample is a cell type, tissue, or organism without its solid, liquid or gaseous environment. Then the system used to investigate sample S contains only entities of entity-type S, and the [[volume]] ''V''<sub>S</sub> [L] and [[mass]] ''m''<sub>S</sub> [kg] of the pure (sub)sample S are identical to the volume ''V'' and mass ''m'' of the experimental [[system]]. A pure sample S may be mixed with other components to be investigated as a solution, mixture, or suspension, indicated by the symbol s in contrast to the pure sample S. A sample s is obtained in combination with other components, such that the [[volume]] ''V''<sub>s</sub> [L] and [[mass]] ''m''<sub>s</sub> [kg] of the sample s are larger than the volume ''V''<sub>S</sub> and mass ''m''<sub>S</sub> of the pure sample S. For example, the number of cells ''N''<sub>ce</sub> [Mx] can be counted in a sample s of a cell suspension, whereas the mass ''m''<sub>ce</sub> [mg] of cells requires a pure sample S of cells to be measured on a mass-balance. Clarity of statistical representation is improved, if the symbol ''N'' is used for the number of [[primary sample]]s taken from a study group, and the symbol ''n'' is used for the number of subsamples studied as technical repeats.[[primary sample]]s taken from a study group, and the symbol ''n'' is used for the number of subsamples studied as technical repeats.)