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- Photorespiration + ('''Photorespiration''' is the process by w … '''Photorespiration''' is the process by which the enzyme RuBisCo oxygenates ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) instead of carboxylating it as part of the Calvin-Benson cycle, creating phosphoglycolate, a product that cannot be used within this cycle, thus dissipating the energy in [[photosynthesis]]. It is estimated that approximately 25 % of RuBisCo reactions are photorespiration, meaning a potential 25 % reduction in photosynthetic output due to the carbon fixed by photorespiration being released as carbon dioxide and nitrogen as ammonia, while the other product, 3-phosphoglycerate (G3P), requires a higher metabolic cost. This process involves a complex network of enzymes and metabolite exchanges between the chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria. It is also known as the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle or C<sub>2</sub> photosynthesis. Environmental conditions tend to affect it, such as temperature and partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. C<sub>4</sub> plants, CAM plants and algae have biochemical and biophysical mechanisms to overcome the photosynthetic losses due to photorespiration making them more photosynthetically efficient than C<sub>3</sub> plants. [https://www.biotechniques.com/molecular-biology/new-photorespiratory-pathways-the-key-to-humanitys-survival/ Recent plant biotechnology advances] focuse on increasing plant photosynthetic carbon fixation by reducing photorespiration loses.asing plant photosynthetic carbon fixation by reducing photorespiration loses.)
