Edit Publication: Silva Dias Vieira 2023 PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Abstract:	Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite, ''Trypanosoma cruzi''. This parasite alternates between an insect vector and a mammalian host. ''T. cruzi'' epimastigotes reside in the insect vector and coexist with the blood components of the vertebrate host. The metabolic profile of ''T. cruzi'' has been extensively studied; however, changes in its metabolism in response to signaling molecules present in the vector are poorly understood. Heme acts as a physiological oxidant that triggers intense epimastigote proliferation and upregulates the expression of genes related to glycolysis and aerobic fermentation ''in vitro''. Here, heme-cultured epimastigotes increased D-glucose consumption. In fact, heme-cultured parasites secreted more succinate (the end product of the so-called succinic fermentation) followed by glucose intake. Increased succinate levels reduced the extracellular pH, leading to acidification of the supernatant. However, the acidification and proliferation stimulated by heme was impaired when glycolysis was inhibited. Otherwise, when glucose amount is enhanced in supernatant, heme-cultured parasites increased its growth whereas the glucose depletion caused a delay in proliferation. Heme supplementation increased epimastigote electron transport system-related O<sub>2</sub> consumption rates, while glucose addition reduced both the electron transport system-related O<sub>2</sub> consumption rates and spare respiratory capacity, indicating a Crabtree-like effect. These results show that glycolysis predominated in heme-cultured epimastigotes over oxidative phosphorylation for energy supply when glucose is present to sustain its high proliferation ''in vitro''. Furthermore, it provided an insight into the parasite biology in the vector environment that supply glucose and the digestion of blood generates free heme that can lead to the growth of ''T. cruzi'' epimastigotes.
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MiPareas:	Gender Respiration Instruments;methods mt-Biogenesis;mt-density mt-Structure;fission;fusion mt-Membrane mtDNA;mt-genetics nDNA;cell genetics Genetic knockout;overexpression Comparative MiP;environmental MiP Developmental biology Exercise physiology;nutrition;life style mt-Medicine Patients Pharmacology;toxicology mt-Awareness
Pathological states:	COPD Aging;senescence Alzheimer's Autism Cancer Cardiovascular Diabetes Inherited Infectious Myopathy Neurodegenerative Obesity Parkinson's Sepsis Other
Stress conditions:	Hypoxia Cell death Cryopreservation Ischemia-reperfusion Permeability transition Oxidative stress;RONS Temperature Mitochondrial disease
Organism:	Pig Human Mouse Rat Guinea pig Bovines Horse Dog Rabbit Cat Other mammals Chicken Zebrafish Drosophila Artemia Caenorhabditis elegans Saccharomyces cerevisiae Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Chelicerates Crustaceans Hexapods Myriapods Annelids Molluscs Nematodes Other invertebrates Fungi Plants Protists Eubacteria Archea Algae
Tissues;cells:	Fat Heart Skeletal muscle Nervous system Liver Kidney Lung;gill Islet cell;pancreas;thymus Endothelial;epithelial;mesothelial cell Blood cells Genital Other cell lines CHO HEK HeLa Neuroblastoma Fibroblast HUVEC Macrophage-derived Lymphocyte Platelet Stem cells
Preparations:	SMP Intact organism Intact organ Permeabilized cells Permeabilized tissue Homogenate Isolated mitochondria Chloroplasts Enzyme Oxidase;biochemical oxidation Intact cells
Enzyme:	Complex I Adenine nucleotide translocase Complex II;succinate dehydrogenase Complex III Complex IV;cytochrome c oxidase Complex V;ATP synthase Inner mt-membrane transporter Marker enzyme Supercomplex TCA cycle and matrix dehydrogenases Uncoupling protein
Regulation; kinetics:	pH Aerobic glycolysis ADP ATP ATP production AMP Calcium Coupling efficiency;uncoupling Cyt c Flux control Inhibitor Ion;substrate transport mt-Membrane potential Oxygen kinetics PCr;Cr Phosphate Redox state Substrate Temperature Threshold;excess capacity Uncoupler Fatty acid Amino acid Q-junction effect
Coupling:	ET LEAK ROUTINE OXPHOS
Pathways:	F N S Gp DQ CIV NS Other combinations ROX
High-resolution respirometry:	pH Oxygraph-2k TIP2k O2k-Fluorometer NO TPP Ca O2k-Spectrophotometer O2k-Manual O2k-Protocol Theory NextGen-O2k
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