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'''Dyscoupled respiration''' is [[LEAK respiration]] distinguished from intrinsically (physiologically) uncoupled and from extrinsic experimentally [[Uncoupler|uncoupled]] respiration as an indication of extrinsic uncoupling (pathological, toxicological, pharmacological by agents that are not specifically applied to induce uncoupling, but are tested for their potential dyscoupling effect). Dyscoupling indicates a mitochondrial dysfunction.
In addition to intrinsic uncoupling, dyscoupling occurs under pathological and toxicological conditions. Thus a distinction is made between physiological uncoupling and pathologically defective dyscoupling in mitochondrial respiration. +
E
» [[Energy]], [[Exergy]] ''E''
» [[elementary charge]] ''e'' = 1.602 176 634∙10<sup>-19</sup> C∙x<sup>-1</sup>
» [[Euler's number]] ''e'' ~ 2.718 281 828 459
» [[ET capacity]] ''E'' +
[[File:J(E-L).jpg|50 px|E-L coupling efficiency]] The '''''E-L'' coupling efficiency''', ''j<sub>E-L</sub>'' = (''E-L'')/''E'' = 1-''L/E'', is 0.0 at zero coupling (''L''=''E'') and 1.0 at the limit of a fully coupled system (''L''=0). The background state is the [[LEAK respiration|LEAK]] state which is stimulated to flux in the [[electron transfer pathway]] reference state by [[uncoupler]] titration. LEAK states ''L''<sub>N</sub> or ''L''<sub>T</sub> may be stimulated first by saturating ADP (rate ''P'' in the OXPHOS state) with subsequent uncoupler titration to the ET state with maximum rate ''E''. The ''E-L'' coupling efficiency is based on measurement of a [[coupling-control ratio]] ([[LEAK-control ratio]], ''L/E''), whereas the thermodynamic or [[ergodynamic efficiency]] of coupling between ATP production (phosphorylation of ADP to ATP) and oxygen consumption is based on measurement of the output/input flux ratio (P»/O<sub>2</sub> ratio) and output/input force ratio (Gibbs force of phosphorylation/Gibbs force of oxidation). The [[biochemical coupling efficiency]] expressed as the ''E-L'' coupling efficiency is independent of kinetic control by the ''E-P'' control efficiency, and is equal to the [[P-L control efficiency |''P-L'' control efficiency]] if ''P=E'' as evaluated in a [[coupling-control protocol]].
» [[#Biochemical_coupling_efficiency:_from_0_to_.3C1 | '''MiPNet article''']] +
[[Image:E-L.jpg|50 px|E-L net ET capacity]] The '''''E-L'' net ET capacity''' is the [[ET capacity]] corrected for [[LEAK respiration]]. ''E-L'' is the respiratory capacity potentially available for ion transport and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Oxygen consumption in the ET-pathway state, therefore, is partitioned into the ''E-L'' net ET capacity and LEAK respiration ''L<sub>P</sub>'', compensating for proton leaks, slip and cation cycling: ''E'' = ''E-L''+''L<sub>P</sub>'' (see [[P-L net OXPHOS capacity]]). +
[[File:J(E-P).jpg|50 px|E-P control efficiency]] The '''''E-P'' control efficiency''', ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' = (''E-P'')/''E'' = 1-''P/E'', is an expression of the relative limitation of [[OXPHOS capacity]] by the capacity of the [[phosphorylation system]]. It is the normalized ''E-P'' excess capacity. ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' = 0.0 when OXPHOS capacity is not limited by the phosphorylation system at zero ''E-P'' excess capacity, ''P''=''E'', when the phosphorylation system does not exert any control over OXPHOS capacity. ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' increases with increasing control of the phosphorylation system over OXPHOS capacity. ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' = 1 at the limit of zero phosphorylation capacity. The [[OXPHOS]] state of mt-preparations is stimulated to [[electron transfer pathway]] capacity ''E'' by [[uncoupler]] titration, which yields the [[E-P excess capacity |''E-P'' excess capacity]]. +
[[Image:ExP.jpg|60 px|link=E-P excess capacity|''E-P'' excess capacity]] The '''''E-P'' excess capacity''' is the difference of the [[ET capacity]] and [[OXPHOS capacity]]. At ''E-P'' > 0, the capacity of the [[phosphorylation system]] exerts a limiting effect on OXPHOS capacity. In addition, ''E-P'' depends on coupling efficiency, since ''P'' aproaches ''E'' at increasing uncoupling. +
[[Image:j(E-R).jpg|50 px|E-R control efficiency]] The '''''E-R'' control efficiency''', ''j<sub>E-R</sub>'' = (''E-R'')/''E'' = 1-''R/E'', is an expression of the relative scope of increasing [[ROUTINE respiration]] in living cells by uncoupler titrations to obtain [[ET capacity]]. ''j<sub>E-R</sub>'' = 0.0 for zero ''E-R'' reserve capacity when ''R''=''E''; ''j<sub>E-R</sub>'' = 1.0 for the maximum limit when ''R''=0. The [[ROUTINE]] state of living cells is stimulated to [[electron transfer pathway]] capacity by [[uncoupler]] titration, which yields the [[E-R reserve capacity |''E-R'' reserve capacity]]. Since ET capacity is significantly higher than [[OXPHOS capacity]] in various cell types (as shown by '''[[cell ergometry]]'''), ''j<sub>E-R</sub>'' is not a reserve capacity available for the cell to increase oxidative phosphorylation, but strictly a scope (reserve) for uncoupling respiration. Similarly, the apparent [[E-P excess ET capacity |''E-P'' excess ET capacity]] is not a respiratory reserve in the sense of oxidative phosphorylation. +
[[Image:ExR.jpg|60 px|E-R reserve capacity]] The '''''E-R'' reserve capacity''' is the difference of [[ET capacity]] and [[ROUTINE respiration]]. For further information, see [[Cell ergometry]]. +
[[File:E.jpg]] '''T capacity''' is the respiratory electron-transfer-pathway capacity ''E'' of mitochondria measured as oxygen consumption in the noncoupled state at optimum [[uncoupler]] concentration. This optimum concentration is obtained by stepwise titration of an established protonophore to induce maximum oxygen flux as the determinant of ET capacity. The experimentally induced noncoupled state at optimum uncoupler concentration is thus distinguished from (''1'') a wide range of uncoupled states at any experimental uncoupler concentration, (''2'') physiological uncoupled states controlled by intrinsic uncoupling (e.g. UCP1 in brown fat), and (''3'') pathological dyscoupled states indicative of mitochondrial injuries or toxic effects of pharmacological or environmental substances. ET capacity in mitochondrial preparations requires the addition of defined fuel substrates to establish an ET-pathway competent state.
» [[#Why ET capacity, why not State 3u.3F | '''MiPNet article''']] +
[[Electron transfer pathway]] competent state, ''see'' '''[[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]'''. +
See '''[[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]''' +
[[File:EUROMIT.jpg|left|250px]]
'''EUROMIT''' is a group based in Europe for organizing '''International Meetings on Mitochondrial Pathology'''. +
'''Ectotherms''' are organisms whose body temperatures conform to the thermal environment. In many cases, therefore, ectotherms are [[poicilotherms | poicilothermic]]. +
'''Editorial board participation''' is a topic addressed in [[COPE core practices for research]]. +
'''Bendavia''' ('''Elamipretide''') was developed as a mitochondria-targeted drug against degenerative diseases, including cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clinical trials showed variable results. It is a cationic tetrapeptide which readily passes cell membranes, associates with [[cardiolipin]] in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Supercomplex-associated CIV activity significantly improved in response to elamipretide treatment in the failing human heart. +
According to David Fell, "Elasticities are properties of individual enzymes and not the metabolic system. The elasticity of an enzyme to a metabolite is related to the slope of the curve of the enzyme's rate plotted against metabolite concentration, taken at the metabolite concentrations found in the pathway in the metabolic state of interest. It can be obtained directly as the slope of the logarithm of the rate plotted against the logarithm of the metabolic concentration. The elasticity will change at each point of the curve (s,v) and must be calculated for the specific concentration of the metabolite (s) that will give a specific rate (r) of the enzyme activity" (See Figure).
[[File:Elasticity_Measurement.jpg]] +
'''Current''' or electric [[flow]] ''I''<sub>el</sub> is the [[advancement]] of [[charge]] per unit of time, expressed in the SI base unit [[ampere]] [C·s<sup>-1</sup> = A]. Electrons or ions are the current-carrying [[motive entity |motive entities]] of electric flow. Electrons e<sup>-</sup> are negatively charged subatomic particles carrying 'negative electricity' with a mass that is about 1/1700 of the smallest particle — the proton — carrying 'positive electricity' (Thompson 1906). Correspondingly the [[velocity]] of electrons is much higher than that of protons or any other (larger) ion. Current is the velocity ''v'' of paticles times the number of motive charges. Therefore, electron current ''I''<sub>e<sup>-</sup></sub> is of a different nature from electric current ''I''<sub>el''χ''</sub> carried by all species ''i'' of ions ''X<sub>i</sub>'' (cations and anions) summarized as ''χ'' = Σ(''z<sub>i</sub>''·''X<sub>i</sub>''). Whereas ''I''<sub>e<sup>-</sup></sub> is the net translocation of electrons moving forwards and backwards, ''I''<sub>el''χ''</sub> is the net translocation of charges carried by different cations and anions. In contrast, ion current ''I''<sub>elX</sub> of a specific ion X is the partial translocation of charges carried by net translocation of ion X only. If cation current ''I''<sub>elX<sup>+</sup></sub> is antagonized entirely by counterion current ''I''<sub>elY<sup>-</sup></sub> as the process of antiport, then the electric current ''I''<sub>el''χ''</sub> is zero. The (net) electric current in a compartmental system is driven by the electric force Δ<sub>el</sub>''F''<sub>p<sup>+</sup></sub> or electric potential difference Δ''Ψ''<sub>p<sup>+</sup></sub>, whereas a compensated ion/counterion antiport current is insensitive to the electric potential difference. +
'''Electric current density''' is [[current]] divided by area, ''j''=''I''·''A''<sup>-1</sup> [C·m<sup>-2</sup>]. Compare: [[density]]. +
[[File:Table Physical constants.png|right|400px|thumb|]] The '''electrochemical constant''' ''f'' has the SI unit for energy per charge per temperature [J·C<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup>].
''f'' = ''k''·''e''<sup>-1</sup>, the [[Boltzmann constant]] ''k'' divided by the [[elementary charge]] ''e''.
''f'' = ''R''·''F''<sup>-1</sup>, the [[gas constant]] ''R'' divided by the [[Faraday constant]] ''F''. +
[[Image:Electrolyte Reference-Electrode.jpg|right|180px|link=http://www.bioblast.at/index.php/Electrolyte%5CReference-Electrode]]'''Electrolyte\Reference-Electrode''' for [[Reference-Electrode\2.4 mm]] +
