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Difference between revisions of "Advancement"

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{{MitoPedia
{{MitoPedia
|abbr=d<sub>tr</sub>''Ī¾''
|abbr=d<sub>tr</sub>''Ī¾'' [MU]
|description=In an isomorphic analysis, any form of [[flow]] is the '''advancement''' of a process per unit of time, expressed in a specific [[motive unit]] [MUāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], ''e.g.'', ampere for electric flow or current [Aā‰”Cāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], watt for heat flow [Wā‰”Jāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], and for chemical flow the unit is [molāˆ™sĀ­<sup>-1</sup>]. The corresponding isomorphic [[force]]s are the partial exergy (Gibbs energy) changes per advancement [Jāˆ™MU<sup>-1</sup>], expressed in volt for electric force [Vā‰”Jāˆ™C<sup>-1</sup>], dimensionless for thermal force, and for chemical force the unit is [Jāˆ™mol<sup>-1</sup>], which deserves a specific acronym ([Jol]) comparable to volt. For chemical processes of reaction and diffusion, the advancement is the amount of motive substance [mol]. The concept was originally introduced by De Donder. Central to the concept of advancement is the [[stoichoimetric number]], ''Ī½''<sub>X</sub>, associated with each motive component X (transformant [1]).
|description=In an isomorphic analysis, any form of [[flow]] is the '''advancement''' of a process per unit of time, expressed in a specific [[motive unit]] [MUāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], ''e.g.'', ampere for electric flow or current, ''I''<sub>el</sub> = d<sub>el</sub>''Ī¾''/d''t'' [Aā‰”Cāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], watt for thermal or heat flow, ''I''<sub>th</sub> = d<sub>th</sub>''Ī¾''/d''t'' [Wā‰”Jāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], and for chemical flow of reaction, ''I''<sub>r</sub> = d<sub>r</sub>''Ī¾''/d''t'', the unit is [molāˆ™sĀ­<sup>-1</sup>] ('''extent of reaction''' per time). The corresponding motive [[force]]s are the partial exergy (Gibbs energy) changes per advancement [Jāˆ™MU<sup>-1</sup>], expressed in volt for electric force, Ī”<sub>el</sub>''F'' = āˆ‚''G''/āˆ‚<sub>el</sub>''Ī¾'' [Vā‰”Jāˆ™C<sup>-1</sup>], dimensionless for thermal force, Ī”<sub>th</sub>''F'' = āˆ‚''G''/āˆ‚<sub>th</sub>''Ī¾'' [Jāˆ™J<sup>-1</sup>], and for chemical force, Ī”<sub>r</sub>''F'' = āˆ‚''G''/āˆ‚<sub>r</sub>''Ī¾'', the unit is [Jāˆ™mol<sup>-1</sup>], which deserves a specific acronym [Jol] comparable to volt [V]. For chemical processes of reaction (spontaneous from high-potential substrates to low-potential products) and compartmental diffusion (spontaneous from a high-potential compartment to a low-potential compartment), the advancement is the amount of motive substance that has undergone a compartmental transformation [mol]. The concept was originally introduced by De Donder [1]. Central to the concept of advancement is the [[stoichiometric number]], ''Ī½''<sub>''i''</sub>, associated with each motive component ''i'' (transformant [2]).
|info=[[Gnaiger_1993_Pure Appl Chem]]
Ā 
In a chemical reaction r the motive entity is the stoichiometric amount of reactant, d<sub>r</sub>''n''<sub>''i''</sub>, with stoichiometric number ''Ī½''<sub>''i''</sub>. The advancement of the chemical reaction, d<sub>r</sub>''Ī¾'' [mol], is defined as,
d<sub>r</sub>''Ī¾'' = d<sub>r</sub>''n''<sub>''i''</sub>Ā·''Ī½''<sub>''i''</sub><sup>-1</sup>
Ā 
The flow of the chemical reaction, ''I''<sub>r</sub> [molĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>], is advancement per time,
''I''<sub>r</sub> = d<sub>r</sub>''Ī¾''Ā·d''t''<sup>-1</sup>
Ā 
This concept of advancement is extended to compartmental diffusion and the advancement of charged particles [3], and to any discontinuous transformation in compartmental systems [2],
:::: [[File:Advancement.png|100px]]
|info=[[Gnaiger_1993_Pure Appl Chem |Gnaiger (1993) Pure Appl Chem]], [[Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]]
}}
}}
__TOC__
Communicated by [[Gnaiger E]] (2018-11-02) last update 2021-01-27
[[File:Advancement Table 1 Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem.png|400px|link=Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem |thumb|d<sub>el</sub>''Q''<sub>''i''</sub> (d<sub>th</sub>''Q''<sub>''i''</sub>) are the changes in electric charge (heat) at the compartments of high or low electric potential (temperature) within the discontinuous system (from ref. [2]).]]
== Advancement versus amount ==
:::: In the chemical or molar [[format]], advancement is expressed in the same unit as amount [mol]. Molar advancement and amount are distinguished as the dynamic expression related to rate and the static expression related to state. This is isomorphic to mechanical or geometric ''distance traveled'' (dynamic) compared to a 'distance measured' (static). You can run the distance of 400 m or 1000 m in a stadion of a constant distance measured per round. The advancement of a reaction may proceed independent of the amount of substrate or product contained in an open system. Substrates and products are tightly connected by the stoichiometric numbers in the advancement of a defined chemical reaction, but amounts of substrates and products have to be measured independently.
:::: "''Unfortunately, using different symbols for extensive thermodynamic properties and their molar counterparts greatly increases the number of symbols and equations. .. Therefore, we will use a single set of symbols for thermodynamic quantities and let them represent the intensive, or molar, quantities''" (p. 4; [[Alberty 1980 Physical chemistry |Alberty RA, Daniels F (1980) Physical chemistry. SI version. 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York:692 pp.]]). - The unfortunate single set of symbols causes confusion on two different levels: (''1'') Molar quantities are not explicitly distinguished from [[extensive quantity |extensive quantities]]. (''2'') Within the molar counterparts of the extensive quantities, there is no explicit distinction made between [[Specific quantity |specific quantities]] (expressed per molar amount of substance; molar Gibbs energy) and [[Intensive quantity |intensive quantities]] (expressed per molar advancement; Gibbs [[force]]).
== Advancement per volume ==
:::: The advancement of a transformation in a closed homogenous system (chemical reaction) or discontinuous system (diffusion) causes a change of [[concentration]] of substances ''i''.
:::: The advancement causes a ''change'' of concentration due to a transformation, Ī”<sub>tr</sub>''c'', in contrast to a difference of concentrations calculated between difference states, Ī”''c''.
::::Ā» [[Advancement per volume]], d<sub>tr</sub>''Y'' = d<sub>tr</sub>''Ī¾''āˆ™''V''<sup>-1</sup>
== Synonyms ==
::::* advancement
::::* extent (of reaction)
::::* displacement (of a moving particle)
== References ==
:::# De Donder T, Van Rysselberghe P (1936) Thermodynamic theory of affinity: a book of principles. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press:144 pp.
:::# Gnaiger E (1993) Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of energy transformations. Pure Appl Chem 65:1983-2002. - [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem |Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«]]
:::# Prigogine I (1967) Introduction to thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Interscience New York, 3rd ed:147 pp. - [[Prigogine 1967 Interscience |Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«]]
:::# Grosholz Emily R (2007) Representation and productive ambiguity in mathematics and the sciences. Oxford Univ Press 312 pp. - [[Grosholz 2007 Oxford Univ Press |Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«]] ā€” ".. distance that is re-conceptualized to mean displacement, since we are instructed to suppose that a moving particle is traversing it."
:::# Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th ed. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0002
{{Keywords: Force and membrane potential}}
{{Template:Keywords: Normalization}}
{{MitoPedia concepts
{{MitoPedia concepts
|mitopedia concept=MiP concept, Ergodynamics
|mitopedia concept=MiP concept, Ergodynamics
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 03:30, 20 March 2023


high-resolution terminology - matching measurements at high-resolution


Advancement

Description

In an isomorphic analysis, any form of flow is the advancement of a process per unit of time, expressed in a specific motive unit [MUāˆ™s-1], e.g., ampere for electric flow or current, Iel = delĪ¾/dt [Aā‰”Cāˆ™s-1], watt for thermal or heat flow, Ith = dthĪ¾/dt [Wā‰”Jāˆ™s-1], and for chemical flow of reaction, Ir = drĪ¾/dt, the unit is [molāˆ™s-1] (extent of reaction per time). The corresponding motive forces are the partial exergy (Gibbs energy) changes per advancement [Jāˆ™MU-1], expressed in volt for electric force, Ī”elF = āˆ‚G/āˆ‚elĪ¾ [Vā‰”Jāˆ™C-1], dimensionless for thermal force, Ī”thF = āˆ‚G/āˆ‚thĪ¾ [Jāˆ™J-1], and for chemical force, Ī”rF = āˆ‚G/āˆ‚rĪ¾, the unit is [Jāˆ™mol-1], which deserves a specific acronym [Jol] comparable to volt [V]. For chemical processes of reaction (spontaneous from high-potential substrates to low-potential products) and compartmental diffusion (spontaneous from a high-potential compartment to a low-potential compartment), the advancement is the amount of motive substance that has undergone a compartmental transformation [mol]. The concept was originally introduced by De Donder [1]. Central to the concept of advancement is the stoichiometric number, Ī½i, associated with each motive component i (transformant [2]).

In a chemical reaction r the motive entity is the stoichiometric amount of reactant, drni, with stoichiometric number Ī½i. The advancement of the chemical reaction, drĪ¾ [mol], is defined as,

drĪ¾ = drniĀ·Ī½i-1

The flow of the chemical reaction, Ir [molĀ·s-1], is advancement per time,

Ir = drĪ¾Ā·dt-1

This concept of advancement is extended to compartmental diffusion and the advancement of charged particles [3], and to any discontinuous transformation in compartmental systems [2],

Advancement.png

Abbreviation: dtrĪ¾ [MU]

Reference: Gnaiger (1993) Pure Appl Chem, Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways

Communicated by Gnaiger E (2018-11-02) last update 2021-01-27
delQi (dthQi) are the changes in electric charge (heat) at the compartments of high or low electric potential (temperature) within the discontinuous system (from ref. [2]).

Advancement versus amount

In the chemical or molar format, advancement is expressed in the same unit as amount [mol]. Molar advancement and amount are distinguished as the dynamic expression related to rate and the static expression related to state. This is isomorphic to mechanical or geometric distance traveled (dynamic) compared to a 'distance measured' (static). You can run the distance of 400 m or 1000 m in a stadion of a constant distance measured per round. The advancement of a reaction may proceed independent of the amount of substrate or product contained in an open system. Substrates and products are tightly connected by the stoichiometric numbers in the advancement of a defined chemical reaction, but amounts of substrates and products have to be measured independently.
"Unfortunately, using different symbols for extensive thermodynamic properties and their molar counterparts greatly increases the number of symbols and equations. .. Therefore, we will use a single set of symbols for thermodynamic quantities and let them represent the intensive, or molar, quantities" (p. 4; Alberty RA, Daniels F (1980) Physical chemistry. SI version. 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York:692 pp.). - The unfortunate single set of symbols causes confusion on two different levels: (1) Molar quantities are not explicitly distinguished from extensive quantities. (2) Within the molar counterparts of the extensive quantities, there is no explicit distinction made between specific quantities (expressed per molar amount of substance; molar Gibbs energy) and intensive quantities (expressed per molar advancement; Gibbs force).


Advancement per volume

The advancement of a transformation in a closed homogenous system (chemical reaction) or discontinuous system (diffusion) causes a change of concentration of substances i.
The advancement causes a change of concentration due to a transformation, Ī”trc, in contrast to a difference of concentrations calculated between difference states, Ī”c.
Ā» Advancement per volume, dtrY = dtrĪ¾āˆ™V-1


Synonyms

  • advancement
  • extent (of reaction)
  • displacement (of a moving particle)


References

  1. De Donder T, Van Rysselberghe P (1936) Thermodynamic theory of affinity: a book of principles. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press:144 pp.
  2. Gnaiger E (1993) Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of energy transformations. Pure Appl Chem 65:1983-2002. - Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«
  3. Prigogine I (1967) Introduction to thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Interscience New York, 3rd ed:147 pp. - Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«
  4. Grosholz Emily R (2007) Representation and productive ambiguity in mathematics and the sciences. Oxford Univ Press 312 pp. - Ā»Bioblast linkĀ« ā€” ".. distance that is re-conceptualized to mean displacement, since we are instructed to suppose that a moving particle is traversing it."
  5. Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th ed. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0002


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Bioblast links: Force and membrane potential - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>>
Fundamental relationships
Ā» Force
Ā» Affinity
Ā» Flux
Ā» Advancement
Ā» Advancement per volume
Ā» Stoichiometric number
mt-Membrane potential and protonmotive force
Ā» Protonmotive force
Ā» Mitochondrial membrane potential
Ā» Chemical potential
Ā» Faraday constant
Ā» Format
Ā» Uncoupler
O2k-Potentiometry
Ā» O2k-Catalogue: O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module
Ā» O2k-Manual: MiPNet15.03 O2k-MultiSensor-ISE
Ā» TPP - O2k-Procedures: Tetraphenylphosphonium
Ā» Specifications: MiPNet15.08 TPP electrode
Ā» Poster
Ā» Unspecific binding of TPP+
Ā» TPP+ inhibitory effect
O2k-Fluorometry
Ā» O2k-Catalogue: O2k-FluoRespirometer
Ā» O2k-Manual: MiPNet22.11 O2k-FluoRespirometer manual
Ā» Safranin - O2k-Procedures: MiPNet20.13 Safranin mt-membranepotential / Safranin
Ā» TMRM - O2k-Procedures: TMRM
O2k-Publications
Ā» O2k-Publications: mt-Membrane potential
Ā» O2k-Publications: Coupling efficiency;uncoupling



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MitoPedia concepts: MiP concept, Ergodynamics