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Gnaiger 1997 Transplant Proc + (0RGAN PRESERVATION under hypothermic ische … 0RGAN PRESERVATION under hypothermic ischemia is enhanced by storage solutions that protect the vascular endothelium from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ischemia-reperfusion injury leads to primary graft failure and chronic rejection, and is commonly assessed by measuring endothelial activation and damage of the endothelial plasma membrane. However, corresponding primary intracellular events are little understood compared with the secondary cytokine/adhesion molecule cascade and inflammatory responses.1, 2 Because protection of intracellular and cell membrane function is fundamental for further improvement of organ preservation, we developed highresolution respirometry as a sensitive diagnostic test for mitochondrial and plasma membrane competence.3 Whereas the plasma membrane remained impermeable after clinically relevant cold storage times of 8 hours and 20 to 60 minutes of reoxygenation, mitochondrial function was impaired at several steps of the respiratory chain.l function was impaired at several steps of the respiratory chain.)
Majiene 2019 Nutrients + (1,4-naphthoquinones, especially juglone, a … 1,4-naphthoquinones, especially juglone, are known for their anticancer activity. However, plumbagin, lawsone, and menadione have been less investigated for these properties. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of plumbagin, lawsone, and menadione on C6 glioblastoma cell viability, ROS production, and mitochondrial function.Cell viability was assessed spectrophotometrically using metabolic activity method, and by fluorescent Hoechst/propidium iodide nuclear staining. ROS generation was measured fluorometrically using DCFH-DA. Oxygen uptake rates were recorded by the high-resolution respirometer Oxygraph-2k.Plumbagin and menadione displayed highly cytotoxic activity on C6 cells (IC50 is 7.7 ± 0.28 μM and 9.6 ± 0.75 μM, respectively) and caused cell death by necrosis. Additionally, they increased the amount of intracellular ROS in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, even at very small concentrations (1-3 µM), these compounds significantly uncoupled mitochondrial oxidation from phosphorylation impairing energy production in cells. Lawsone had significantly lower viability decreasing and mitochondria-uncoupling effect, and exerted strong antioxidant activity.Plumbagin and menadione exhibit strong prooxidant, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling and cytotoxic activity. In contrast, lawsone demonstrates a moderate effect on C6 cell viability and mitochondrial functions, and possesses strong antioxidant properties.unctions, and possesses strong antioxidant properties.)
Leyssens 1996 J Physiol + (1. As ATP has a higher affinity for Mg2+ t … 1. As ATP has a higher affinity for Mg2+ than ADP, the cytosolic magnesium concentration rises upon ATP hydrolysis. We have therefore used the Mg(2+)-sensitive fluorescent indicator Magnesium Green (MgG) to provide an index of changing ATP concentration in single rat cardiomyocytes in response to altered mitochondrial state. 2. In response to FCCP, [Mg2+]i rose towards a plateau coincident with the progression to rigor, which signals ATP depletion. Contamination of the MgG signal by changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration (the KD of MgG for Ca2+ is 4.7 microM) was excluded by simultaneous measurement of [Ca2+]i and [Mg2+]i in cells dual loaded with fura-2 and MgG. The response to FCCP was independent of external Mg2+, confirming an intracellular source for the rise in [Mg2+]i. 3. Simultaneous measurements of mitochondrial NAD(P)H autofluorescence and mitochondrial potential (delta psi m; .-1 fluorescence) and of autofluorescence and MgG allowed closer study of the relationship between [Mg2+]i and mitochondrial state. Oligomycin abolished the FCCP-induced rise in [Mg2+]i without altering the change in autofluorescence. Thus, the rise in [Mg2+]i in response to FCCP is consistent with the release of intracellular Mg2+ following ATP hydrolysis by the mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase. 4. The rise in [Mg2+]i was correlated with cell-attached recordings of ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) activity. In response to FCCP, an increase in KATP channel activity was seen only as [Mg2+]i reached a plateau. In response to blockade of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis with cyanide (CN-) and 2-deoxyglucose (DOG), [Mg2+]i rose more slowly but again KATP channel opening increased only when [Mg2+]i reached a plateau and the cells shortened. 5. Oligomycin decreased the rate of rise of [Mg2+]i delayed the onset of rigor and increased the rate of mitochondrial depolarization in response to CN-_DOG. Thus, with blockade of mitochondrial respiration delta psi m is maintained by the mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase at the expense of ATP reserves. 6. In response to CN-_DOG, the initial rise in [Mg2+]i was accompanied by a small rise in [Ca2+]i. After [Mg2+]i reached a plateau and rigor developed, [Ca2+]i rose progressively. On reperfusion, in hypercontracted cells, [Ca2+]i recovered before [Mg2+]i and [ca2+]i oscillations were sustained while [Mg2+]i decreased. Thus on reperfusion, full recovery of [ATP]i is slow, but the activation of contractile elements and the restoration of [Ca2+]i does not require the re-establishment of millimolar concentrations of ATP.hment of millimolar concentrations of ATP.)
Satoh 1995 Br J Pharmacol + (1. Effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl c … 1. Effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, pravastatin and simvastatin, on the myocardial level of coenzyme Q10, and on mitochondrial respiration were examined in dogs. 2. Either vehicle (control), pravastatin (4 mg kg-1 day-1), or simvastatin (2 mg kg-1 day-1) was administered orally for 3 weeks. First, the myocardial tissue level of coenzyme Q10 was determined in the 3 groups. Second, ischaemia was induced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in anaesthetized open chest dogs, pretreated with the inhibitors. After 30 min of ischaemia, nonischaemic and ischaemic myocardium were removed from the left circumflex and LAD regions, respectively, and immediately used for isolation of mitochondria. The mitochondrial respiration was determined by polarography, with glutamate and succinate used as substrates. 3. Simvastatin significantly decreased the myocardial level of coenzyme Q10, but pravastatin did not. 4. Ischaemia decreased the mitochondrial respiratory control index (RCI) in both groups. Significant differences in RCI between nonischaemic and ischaemic myocardium were observed in the control and simvastatin-treated groups. 5. Only in the simvastatin-treated group did ischaemia significantly decrease the ADP/O ratio, determined with succinate. 6. The present results indicate that simvastatin but not pravastatin may cause worsening of the myocardial mitochondrial respiration during ischaemia, probably because of reduction of the myocardial coenzyme Q10 level.tion of the myocardial coenzyme Q10 level.)
Chance 1962 J Biol Chem + (1. In succinate oxidation reactivated by a … 1. In succinate oxidation reactivated by a low concentration of adenosine triphosphate, addition of small amounts of adenosine diphosphatc will lead to reestablishment of the inhibited state of succinate oxidation after a short burst of respiration.2. The inhibited state is not relieved by either phosphate or phosphate acceptors. 3. The inhibition is closely correlated with a high degree of oxidation of mitochondrial reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide, which occurs immediately on addition of adenosine diphosphate and is followed by the inhibition of succinate oxidation after the oxidation or rather small amounts of succinate. 4. Oxidation of more than approximately two-thirds of the total diphosphopyridinc nuclcotide (DPN) reducible by succinate and adenosine triphosphate eventually leads to inhibition of succinate oxidation. 5. Based on independent evidence for a compartmentation of mitochondrial pyridine nucleotide (approximately one-third available to DPN-linked substrates), it is proposed that inhibi- tion occurs when oxidation of DPN in the compartment available to malate causes oxaloacetate formation sufficient to inhibit succinate oxidation. 6. The general possibility of DPN control of malate oxidation is considered with respect to the whole question of oxaloacetate regulation of the citric acid cycle.etate regulation of the citric acid cycle.)
Hatefi 1962 J Biol Chem-XLII + (1. It has been shown that the electron tra … 1. It has been shown that the electron transfer system in beef heart mitochondria may be reconstituted either totally or in any desired sequential segment by appropriate combinations of two or more of the four primary complexes that have been isolated in highly purified form in this laboratory. 2. The four enzyme systems that collectively comprise the complete machinery for transfer of electrons from reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH; =NADH) and succinate to oxygen re: I, DPNH-coenzyme Q reductase; II, succinic-coenzyme Q reductase; III, QH2-cytochrome ''c'' reductase; and IV, cytochrome ''c'' reductase. The specific inhibitors of each complex have been studied. 3. By appropriate combinations of the primary complexes the following secondary activities have been reconstituted: V, DPNH-cytochrome ''c'' reductase; VI, succinic-cytochrome ''c'' reductase; VII, DPNH, succinic-cytochrome c reductase; VIII, DPNH oxidase; IX, succinic oxidase; and X, DPNH, succinic oxidase activity. The general oxidation-reduction properties of the reconstituted systems, both in the presence and the absence of the usual specific inhibitors of the electron transfer system, are essentially the same as those found for the same activities in the intact mitochondria and in the integrated particles derived therefrom. 4. The reconstituted activities are quite stable to repeated freezing, thawing, and storage at -2O °C, and for the most part, when once formed, are not dissociated by dilution of the mixture or by centrifugation. The evidence supporting the conclusion that reconstitution necessarily involves a particle-particle interaction is discussed.article-particle interaction is discussed.)
Opalka 2004 Br Poult Sci + (1. M. iliotibialis (MIT) and M. pectoralis … 1. M. iliotibialis (MIT) and M. pectoralis (MP) of the BUT Big 6 and Kelly BBB turkey were characterised with respect to physical properties, mitochondrial function, metabolic state, morphology and meat quality.2. Mitochondrial enzyme activity and respiration rates in MP declined with increasing age while glycolytic enzyme activity remained nearly constant.3. There were no major differences between BUT Big 6 and Kelly BBB with respect to histological, histochemical or biochemical variables. In spite of the greater adult weight of BUT Big 6, body proportion was equal in both strains.4. In agreement with the histochemical findings MIT showed higher oxidative capacities, while glycolytic enzyme activity was higher in MP.5. Pyruvate was the best substrate for oxidative phosphorylation in MIT, but not in MP. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity was up to 15 times less in MP and blood lactate was correlated with intramuscular pH.6. Turkey breast muscle was restricted in its ability to oxidise pyruvate, especially in those animals that tended to develop intramuscular acidosis post mortem.7. It is concluded that the ''in vivo'' metabolic environment results in acidosis and impaired meat quality, at least in turkey M. pectoralis.quality, at least in turkey M. pectoralis.)
Claude 1946 J Exp Med + (1. Materials and technical procedures invo … 1. Materials and technical procedures involved in the preparation of liver suspensions have been described and discussed. 2. Liver extracts prepared by the present method appear to contain almost exclusively elements of cytoplasmic origin and can be considered to represent, on a large scale, the cytoplasm of liver cells.large scale, the cytoplasm of liver cells.)
Wilson 1970 Biochim Biophys Acta + (1. Oxidation of NADH by fumarate coupled t … 1. Oxidation of NADH by fumarate coupled to synthesis of ATP was found to occur in cyanide-poisoned rat heart submitochondrial particles. The reaction was inhibited by amytal, thenoyltrifluoroacetone and malonate, indicating the involvement of a portion of the electron transfer chain.2. Cytochrome b became oxidized (while the other cytochromes remained reduced) during the oxidation of NADH by fumarate, suggesting that cytochrome b is part of the reaction pathway.3. Succinate was recovered as the reaction product and accounted for the NADH oxidized.4. The P/2e ratios indicate that one ATP was produced for each pair of electrons transferred to fumarate.5. The reaction was also demonstrated to be present in liver and gastrocnemius muscle of rat. The reaction rate in heart was 2.0 times that of gastrocnemius and 3.3 times that of liver. These differences are not related to the activities of NADH or succinate dehydrogenase.6. The ubiquitous nature of this reaction suggests that it could serve as an important physiological mechanism for generating extra glycolytic energy during periods of anoxia.lycolytic energy during periods of anoxia.)
Boveris 1973 Biochem J + (1. Pigeon heart mitochondria produce H(2)O … 1. Pigeon heart mitochondria produce H(2)O(2) at a maximal rate of about 20 nmol/min per mg of protein. 2. Succinate-glutamate and malate-glutamate are substrates which are able to support maximal H(2)O(2) production rates. With malate-glutamate, H(2)O(2) formation is sensitive to rotenone. Endogenous substrate, octanoate, stearoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-carnitine are by far less efficient substrates. 3. Antimycin A exerts a very pronounced effect in enhancing H(2)O(2) production in pigeon heart mitochondria; 0.26 nmol of antimycin A/mg of protein and the addition of an uncoupler are required for maximal H(2)O(2) formation. 4. In the presence of endogenous substrate and of antimycin A, ATP decreases and uncoupler restores the rates of H(2)O(2) formation. 5. Reincorporation of ubiquinone-10 and ubiquinone-3 to ubiquinone-depleted pigeon heart mitochondria gives a system in which H(2)O(2) production is linearly related to the incorporated ubiquinone. 6. The generation of H(2)O(2) by pigeon heart mitochondria in the presence of succinate-glutamate and in metabolic [[State 4]] has an optimum pH value of 7.5. In States 1 and 3u, and in the presence of antimycin A and uncoupler, the optimum pH value is shifted towards more alkaline values. 7. With increase of the partial pressure of O(2) to the hyperbaric region the formation of H(2)O(2) is markedly increased in pigeon heart mitochondria and in rat liver mitochondria. With rat liver mitochondria and succinate as substrate in State 4, an increase in the ''p''O(2) up to 1.97 MPa (19.5 atm) increases H(2)O(2) formation 10-15-fold. Similar ''p''O(2) profiles were observed when rat liver mitochondria were supplemented either with antimycin A or with antimycin A and uncoupler. No saturation of the system with O(2) was observed up to 1.97 MPa (19.5 atm). By increasing the ''p''O(2) to 1.97 MPa (19.5atm), H(2)O(2) formation in pigeon heart mitochondria with succinate as substrate increased fourfold in metabolic State 4, with antimycin A added the increase was threefold and with antimycin A and uncoupler it was 2.5-fold. In the last two saturation of the system with oxygen was observed, with an apparent ''K''(m) of about 71 kPa (0.7-0.8 atm) and a ''V''(max) of 12 and 20 nmol of H(2)O(2)/min per mg of protein. 8. It is postulated that in addition to the well-known flavin reaction, formation of H(2)O(2) may be due to interaction with an energy-dependent component of the respiratory chain at the cytochrome ''b'' level.atory chain at the cytochrome ''b'' level.)
Mitchell 1967 Biochem J + (1. Pulses of acidity of the outer aqueous … 1. Pulses of acidity of the outer aqueous phase of rat liver mitochondrial suspensions induced by pulses of respiration are due to the translocation of H(+) (or OH(-)) ions across the osmotic barrier (M phase) of the cristae membrane and cannot be attributed to the formation (with acid production) of a chemical intermediate that subsequently decomposes. 2. The effective quantity of protons translocated per bivalent reducing equivalent passing through the succinate-oxidizing and beta-hydroxybutyrate-oxidizing spans of the respiratory chain are very close to 4 and 6 respectively. These quotients are constant between pH5.5 and 8.5 and are independent of changes in the ionic composition of the mitochondrial suspension medium provided that the conditions permit the accurate experimental measurement of the proton translocation. 3. Apparent changes in the -->H(+)/O quotients may be induced by conditions preventing the occurrence of the usual backlash; these apparent changes of -->H(+)/O are attributable to a very fast electrically driven component of the decay of the acid pulses that is not included in the experimental extrapolations. 4. Apparent changes in the -->H(+)/O quotients may also be induced by the presence of anions, such as succinate, malonate and phosphate, or by cations such as Na(+). These apparent changes of -->H(+)/O are due to an increase in the rate of the pH-driven decay of the acid pulses. 5. The uncoupling agents, 2,4-dinitrophenol, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and gramicidin increase the effective proton conductance of the M phase and thus increase the rate of decay of the respiration-driven acid pulses, but do not change the initial -->H(+)/O quotients. The increase in effective proton conductance of the M phase caused by these uncouplers accounts quantitatively for their uncoupling action; and the fact that the initial -->H(+)/O quotients are unchanged shows that uncoupler-sensitive chemical intermediates do not exist between the respiratory-chain system and the effective proton-translocating mechanism. 6. Stoicheiometric acid-base changes associated with the activity of the regions of the respiratory chain on the oxygen side of the rotenone- and antimycin A-sensitive sites gives experimental support for a suggested configuration of loop 3.xperimental support for a suggested configuration of loop 3.)
Claude 1944 J Exp Med + (1. Rat tumor extracts, containing chiefly … 1. Rat tumor extracts, containing chiefly the cytoplasmic constituents of leukemic cells, were fractionated into three main portions, the different components separating in the centrifuge according to size. 2. Mitochondria were isolated by centrifugation at relatively low speed. Elementary composition of purified mitochondria was found to correspond to about 11.5 per cent nitrogen, 1.6 per cent phosphorus, and 27 per cent lipids. Phosphorus and nitrogen content of the lipid portion suggests that as much as 75 to 80 per cent of the lipids of mitochondria is represented by phospholipids. Tests for ribose nucleic acid were positive. 3. Microsomes were separated by means of centrifugation at 18,000 x g. A relation between the high phosphorus content of the microsomes and the marked basophilia of the cytoplasm of leukemic cells is suggested. 4. Phosphorus distribution in the tumor extract, and light absorption analysis of the third fraction, seem to demonstrate that nucleic acid was not present either in a free condition, or in the form of nucleoprotein of relatively low molecular weight. The nature of the results suggests that ribose nucleic acid occurs in the cytoplasm of leukemic cells only in association with formed elements of relatively large size, namely microsomes, and mitochondria.size, namely microsomes, and mitochondria.)
Ernster 1969 Eur J Biochem + (1. Submitochondrial particles were prepare … 1. Submitochondrial particles were prepared from beef‐heart mitochondria by sonication in the presence of EDTA. The particles were lyophilized and repeatedly extracted with pentane until no ubiquinone was found in the extract. Treatment of the ubiquinone‐depleted particles with pentane containing a suitable concentration of ubiquinone (ubiquinone‐50) and subsequent quick washing with ubiquinone‐free pentane resulted in a “re‐incorporation” of ubiquinone in an amount similar to that present in the original particles (3–6 nmoles/mg protein).2. The ubiquinone‐depleted particles exhibited very low or no succinate and NADH oxidase activities, which were restored upon the re‐incorporation of ubiquinone to the levels found in the lyophilized particles before extraction with pentane. Partial (about 50 %) extraction of ubiquinone resulted in markedly decreased succinate and NADH oxidase activities.3. Added cytochrome ''c'' did not replace ubiquinone in restoring the succinate or NADH oxidase activity of ubiquinone‐depleted particles. It stimulated the NADH oxidase, but not the succinate oxidase, activity of the “ubiquinone‐incorporated” particles, but the same stimulation occurred with the lyophilized particles before ubiquinone extraction. The normal, lyophilized, and “ubiquinone‐incorporated” particles contained equal amounts of both total and enzymatically reducible cytochromes.4. In the presence of KCN, NADH reduced the cytochromes, including cytochrome ''b'', only at insignificant rates in the ubiquinone‐depleted particles as compared to the normal and lyophilized preparations, and these rates were greatly stimulated upon the re‐incorporation of ubiquinone. Succinate caused a rapid partial (about 25 %) reduction of cytochrome ''b'', but not of the rest of the cytochromes, in the ubiquinone‐depleted particles. This reduction occurred also in the absence of KCN, and the fraction of cytochrome ''b'', so reduced was not reoxidized when succinate oxidation was inhibited by malonate. Evidence for the occurrence of such an enzymatically non‐oxidizable form of cytochrome ''b'' was also obtained in the normal, lyophilized and “ubiquinone‐incorporated” particles, but, in those cases, this cytochrome ''b'' was reduced by both succinate and NADH. In the presence of antimycin A, all cytochrome ''b'' in the ubiquinone‐depleted particles was rapidly reduced by succinate but not by NADH.5. The normal and lyophilized particles catalyzed a rotenone‐sensitive oxidation of NADH by fumarate. This reaction was completely absent from the ubiquinone‐depleted particles and was restored upon the re‐incorporation of ubiquinone.6. N,N,N′,N′‐Tetramethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine catalyzed an NADH and succinate oxidase activity in antimycin A‐inhibited particles. This NADH oxidase activity was partially sensitive to rotenone in the normal, lyophilized and “ubiquinone‐incorporated” particles, but completely rotenone‐insensitive in the ubiquinone‐depleted particles. All four types of particles were active in catalyzing the antimycin A‐sensitive oxidation of menadiol.7. It is concluded that uniquinone is essential for the interaction of succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome ''b'', and that this interaction is a requisite for the normal function of the respiratory chain. Functionally modified forms of cytochrome ''b'', arising as a consequence of structural damage or antimycin A treatment, are discussed in relation to existing information and proposals concerning the role of cytochrome ''b'' and ubiquinone in electron transport.'b'' and ubiquinone in electron transport.)
Henderson 1969 Biochem J + (1. The action of the antibiotics enniatin … 1. The action of the antibiotics enniatin A, valinomycin, the actin homologues, gramicidin, nigericin and dianemycin on mitochondria, erythrocytes and smectic mesophases of lecithin-dicetyl hydrogen phosphate was studied. 2. These antibiotics induced permeability to alkali-metal cations on all three membrane systems. 3. The ion specificity on each membrane system was the same. 4. Enniatin A, valinomycin and the actins did not induce permeability to protons, whereas nigericin and dianemycin rendered all three membrane systems freely permeable to protons. 5. Several differences were noted between permeability induced by nigericin and that induced by gramicidin. 6. The action of all these antibiotics on mitochondrial respiration could be accounted for by changes in passive ion permeability of the mitochondrial membrane similar to those induced in erythrocytes and phospholipid membranes, if it is assumed that a membrane potential is present in respiring mitochondria.tial is present in respiring mitochondria.)
Harafuji 1980 J Biochem + (1. The apparent binding constant (Kapp(Ca- … 1. The apparent binding constant (Kapp(Ca-G)) for GEDTA (ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N', N'-tetraacetic acid, EGTA) to calcium was determined under conditions of biological significance in the presence of various kinds of pH-buffering agents, using murexide or tetramethylmurexide as a Ca indicator.2. The value of Kapp(Ca-G) at pH 6.80 was 1.0×106M-1 at an ionic strength of 0.114 at 20°C, irrespective of the type of pH-buffering ions. This value is similar to that of Allen, Blinks and Prendergast (1977) (Science 196, 996-998), but still half that calculated from the results of Schwarzenbach, Senn and Anderegg (1957) (Helv. Chim. Acta 40, 1886-1900).3. The value of Kapp(Ca-G) varied according to the following equation as the ionic strength (I) was varied from 0.039 to 0.264:log Kapp(Ca-G)=6.460-[2_??_I/(1+_??_I)-0.4×I] (pH 6.80, 20°C)4. The discrepancy between the present results and previous ones (Ogawa, Y. (1968) J. Biochem. 64, 255-257) may have been due to inadequate regulation of the temperature of the reaction medium in the previous determinations, during which an increase in the temperature of the solution may have occurred.An increase of temperature causes a decrease in the pH of the solution in the presence of histidine, imidazole or Tris-maleate, but causes very little change of pH in the presence of phosphate or maleate.5. The association rate constant for GEDTA with calcium was determined by the stoppedflow method in solutions containing 100mM KCl and 20mM pH-buffering ions at 20°C: the values obtained were 1.4×106M-1s-1 in the presence of MOPS-KOH at pH 6.80; 3.0×106M-1s-1 with imidazole at pH 6.80; 1.0×106M-1s-1 with Tris-maleate at pH 6.80..0×106M-1s-1 with Tris-maleate at pH 6.80.)
Harris 1968 Biochem J + (1. The concentration-dependence of the int … 1. The concentration-dependence of the intramitochondrial accumulation of l-malate and succinate was measured and expressed in the form of adsorption isotherms. The accumulation, however, may arise because of an internal positive potential. 2. The competition for accumulation offered by some other anions, including phosphate, was measured and is expressed conventionally by additional terms in the adsorption equation. 3. The interactions between anions were also studied when one was acting as oxidized substrate. 4. In some examples there is a parallel between the effects of an added anion on both accumulation and oxidation; in other cases chemical participation of the added substance in metabolism is presumed to remove the correlation. 5. It is suggested that by combining kinetic data on penetration with stoicheiometric data on accumulation and specific reaction rates it may be possible to account for the rates of respiration obtained with intact mitochondria. 6. It is possible to show that there is a certain phosphate/substrate ratio for maximum phosphorylation rate with some substrates. This is to be expected when phosphate and substrate compete for accumulation.te and substrate compete for accumulation.)
Koenig 1969 Biochem J + (1. The effects of succinate oxidation on p … 1. The effects of succinate oxidation on pyruvate and also isocitrate oxidation by rat liver mitochondria were studied. 2. Succinate oxidation was without effect on pyruvate and isocitrate oxidation when respiration was maximally activated with ADP. 3. When respiration was partially inhibited by atractylate, succinate oxidation severely inhibited the oxidation of pyruvate and isocitrate. 4. This inhibitory effect of succinate was associated with a two- to three-fold increase in the reduction of mitochondrial NAD(+) but no change in the reduction of cytochrome b. 5. It is concluded that, in the partially energy-controlled state, respiration is more severely inhibited at the first phosphorylating site than at the other two. 6. The effects of succinate oxidation are compared with those of palmitoylcarnitine oxidation. It is concluded that a rapid flow of electrons directly into the respiratory chain at the level of cytochrome b is in itself inadequate to inhibit the oxidation of intramitochondrial NADH. 7. The effects of succinate oxidation on pyruvate oxidation were similar in rat heart and liver mitochondria.milar in rat heart and liver mitochondria.)
Hoek 1970 Biochim Biophys Acta + (1. The kinetics of the efflux of Pi and ma … 1. The kinetics of the efflux of Pi and malate as well as the relationship between Pi transport and intra- and extramitochondrial pH changes were studied in rat-liver mitochondria in the presence of rotenone and oligomycin at different pH's.2. At high pH a fast efflux of Pi from the mitochondria occurs in the first few seconds, followed by a slow re-entry of Pi into the mitochondria. Under the same conditions the exit of malate shows a time lag of 2–4 sec. The exit of malate coincides with the re-entry of Pi.3. In the presence of butylmalonate the exit of endogenous Pi is coupled with a concomitant alkalinization of the mitochondrial matrix space, as calculated from the distribution of 5,5-[14C]dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione.4. The stoicheiometry of the Pi-hydroxyl exchange was found to be 1:1.5. The kinetics of Pi transport are consistent with previous observations that there is a direct exchange between OH− and Pi, but not between OH− and malate. The equilibrium distribution of H2PO4− and OH− deviates from the Donnan distribution. This may be explained by assuming a pH-dependent binding of Pi in the mitochondria.pendent binding of Pi in the mitochondria.)
Claude 1945 J Exp Med + (1. The present paper constitutes a prelimi … 1. The present paper constitutes a preliminary study of the morphology of mitochondria by means of electron microscopy.2. The mitochondria that were the subject of this investigation were obtained from a lymphosarcoma of the rat. They were separated from the other components of the leukemic cells by a method of differential centrifugation, and thus made available for direct examination in the electron microscope.3. In the purified form the mitochondria appeared as spherical bodies, the majority of them varying in size approximately from 0.6 to 1.3 µ in diameter.4. Certain aspects of mitochondria in the electron microscope suggest that these elements are surrounded by a differentiated membrane. In some cases the limiting membrane seemed to be responsible for maintaining the general shape of the mitochondria, even when most of the mitochondrial substance had been lost.5. By means of the electron microscope, it is possible to distinguish small elements, 80 to 100 mµ in diameter, within the body of certain mitochondria. Further work is suggested to establish whether these small granules are normal constituents of mitochondria, and what relation may exist between them and ordinary microsomes.6. The nature of mitochondria as morphological units is discussed. Present evidence indicates that mitochondria constitute definite physical entities which can persist in the absence of the cytoplasm.n persist in the absence of the cytoplasm.)
Griffiths 1995 Biochem J + (1. The yield of mitochondria isolated from … 1. The yield of mitochondria isolated from perfused hearts subjected to 30 min ischaemia followed by 15 min reperfusion was significantly less than that for control hearts, and this was associated with a decrease in the rates of ADP-stimulated respiration. 2. The presence of 0.2 microM cyclosporin A (CsA) in the perfusion medium during ischaemia and reperfusion caused mitochondrial recovery to return to control values, but did not reverse the inhibition of respiration. 3. A technique has been devised to investigate whether the Ca(2+)-induced non-specific pore of the mitochondrial inner membrane opens during ischaemia and/or reperfusion of the isolated rat heart. The protocol involved loading the heart with 2-deoxy[3H]glucose ([3H]DOG), which will only enter mitochondria when the pore opens. Subsequent isolation of mitochondria demonstrated that [3H]DOG did not enter mitochondria during global isothermic ischaemia, but did enter during the reperfusion period. 4. The amount of [3H]DOG that entered mitochondria increased with the time of ischaemia, and reached a maximal value after 30-40 min of ischaemia. 5. CsA at 0.2 microM did not prevent [3H]DOG becoming associated with the mitochondria, but rather increased it; this was despite CsA having a protective effect on heart function similar to that shown previously [Griffiths and Halestrap (1993) J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 25, 1461-1469]. 6. The non-immunosuppressive CsA analogue [MeAla6]cyclosporin was shown to have a similar Ki to CsA on purified mitochondrial peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerase and mitochondrial pore opening, and also to have a similar protective effect against reperfusion injury. 7. Using isolated heart mitochondria, it was demonstrated that pore opening could become CsA-insensitive under conditions of adenine nucleotide depletion and high matrix [Ca2+] such as may occur during the initial phase of reperfusion. The apparent increase in mitochondrial [3H]DOG in the CsA-perfused hearts is explained by the ability of the drug to stabilize pore closure and so decrease the loss of [3H]DOG from the mitochondria during their preparation.the mitochondria during their preparation.)
Kearney 1960 J Biol Chem + (1. Unlike other known flavoproteins, in wh … 1. Unlike other known flavoproteins, in which the flavin is relatively loosely bound and is easily liberated by suitable methods of denaturation, in succinic dehydrogenase from beef heart the flavin component is so tightly held that neither treatment with strong acids nor thermal denaturation separates it from the protein.2. Extensive digestion of the purified dehydrogenase with suitable proteolytic enzymes liberates the flavin in an acid-soluble form, which is not, however, identical with known derivatives of riboflavin. The flavin appears in the digest in several chromatographically distinct forms, which may be separated from each other by purification on ion exchange resins or by chromatography on filter paper.3. The main flavin components have been extensively purified and degraded to the mononucleotide and dephosphorylated flavin levels. The dinucleotide contains 1 mole of 5’-adenylic acid, 2 atoms of phosphorus bound in pyrophosphate linkage and 1 mole of ribose. It differs from authentic flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in numerous regards, including its inactivity in the n-amino acid oxidase test, shifted absorption spectrum, shifted pH-fluorescence curve, and in the presence of cationic group(s). After degradation to the mononucleotide and dephosphorylated flavin level, similar differences exist between the resulting compounds and authentic riboflavin 5’-phosphate and riboflavin, respectively. Irradiation in alkali degrades the flavin further, but the resulting compound is not identical with lumiflavin.4. These differences and the greater water solubility of the unphosphorylated compound as compared with riboflavin are best explained by the hypothesis that the flavin in the dehydrogenase is held to a peptide chain by a covalent linkage which survives proteolytic digestion. The compounds in the digest, therefore, would be peptides of FAD, representing fragments of the original enzyme.5. Evidence for the flavin peptide hypothesis has come from the finding that throughout very extensive purification by a variety of methods the flavin is always accompanied by peptide material. In the most purified fraction, believed to be free of contaminating peptides, alanine, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, and valine were present in molar ratio to the flavin and an additional mole of serine was present as N-terminal group. Similar amino acid compositions were found in 2 other samples, purified by different procedures.6. Evidence pertaining to the flavin peptide hypothesis and the possible structure of the flavin is discussed.ible structure of the flavin is discussed.)
Gnaiger 2013 Abstract MiP2013 + (10 years ago the uncoupling hypothesis was … 10 years ago the uncoupling hypothesis was presented for mitochondrial haplogroups of arctic populations suggesting that lower coupling of mitochondrial respiration to ATP production was selected for in favor of higher heat dissipation as an adaptation to cold climates [1,2]. Up to date no actual tests have been published to compare mitochondrial coupling in tissues obtained from human populations with regional mtDNA variations. Analysis of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is a major component of mitochondrial phenotyping [3]. We studied mitochondrial coupling in small biopsies of arm and leg muscle of Inuit of the Thule and Dorset haplogroups in northern Greenland compared to Danes from western Europe haplogroups. Inuit had a higher capacity to oxidize fat substrate in leg and arm muscle, yet mitochondrial respiration compensating for proton leak was proportionate with OXPHOS capacity. Biochemical coupling efficiency was preserved across variations in muscle fiber type and uncoupling protein-3 content. After 42 days of skiing on the sea ice in northern Greenland, Danes demonstrated adaptive substrate control through an increase in fatty acid oxidation approaching the level of the Inuit, yet coupling control of oxidative phosphorylation was conserved. Our findings reveal that coupled ATP production is of primary evolutionary significance for muscle tissue independent of adaptations to the cold.ue independent of adaptations to the cold.)
ASMRM 2013 Seoul KR + (10th Conference of the Asian Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine - [http://asmrm2013.com/common_files/mess.asp ASMRM 2013], Seoul KR)
MiP2014 + (10th MiP''conference'': Joint IUBMB/MiP Symposium on Mitochondrial Physiology - a Point/Counterpoint Meeting, Obergurgl, Austria; with post-conference workshop '''[[MiPNet19.10 | 95th Oroboros O2k-Workshop]]'''.)
10th Conference of the International Coenzyme Q10 Association 2022 Hamburg DE + (10th Conference of the International Coenzyme Q10 Association, Hamburg, 2022)

10th European Algae Industry Summit 2020 Reykjavik IS + (10th European Algae Industry Summit, Reykjavik, Iceland, 2020)

10th Int CeBiTec Research Conference 2021 Bielefeld DE + (10th Int. CeBiTec Research Conference, Bielefeld, Germany, 2021)
10th International Luebeck Conference on the Pathophysiology and Pharmacology of Erythropoietin and other Hemopoietic Growth Factors + (10th International Luebeck Conference on the Pathophysiology and Pharmacology of Erythropoietin and other Hemopoietic Growth Factors, Lübeck, DE, [https://www.physio.uni-luebeck.de/index.php?id=162 10th International Luebeck Conference])
10th Italian Meeting on Mitochondrial Disease 2020 IT + (10th Italian Meeting on Mitochondrial Diseases , Virtual, 2020)
TriMAD Conference 2023 Pennsylvania US + (10th Translational Research in Mitochondri … 10th Translational Research in Mitochondria/Metabolism, Aging, and Disease (TRiMAD) Conference, Pennsylvania, United States, 2023 == General information ==:::: TRiMAD is a collaborative venture between The Pennsylvania State University, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHoP) Research Institute, and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine ([https://www.huck.psu.edu/node/15830 Website])== Venue == :::: University of Pittsburgh:::: Bridgeside Point 1, 5th Floor:::: 100 Technology Drive:::: Pittsburgh, PA 15219== Organizers ==:::: University of Pittsburgh:::: Aging Institute:::: Center for Metabolism & Mitochondrial Medicine== Program ==:::: Please find the programme [https://aging.pitt.edu/event/trimad-2023/ here]== Registration ==:::: [https://forms.office.com/pages/responsepage.aspx?id=ifT5nqDg606HzDpSYRL9DXg8U8hQ84RKssucFsBERrBURTU2T1lFR01DS0hYNlZGRjNDTzg2QVJRSC4u Register here] == Lecturers and tutors ==:::: The list of speakers can be found [https://aging.pitt.edu/event/trimad-2023/ here]ttps://aging.pitt.edu/event/trimad-2023/ here])
Targeting Mitochondria World Congress 2019 Berlin DE + (10th World Congress on Targeting Mitochond … 10th World Congress on Targeting Mitochondria, Berlin, Germany, 2019 == General information == :::: Flyer available for [http://wiki.oroboros.at/images/7/7f/Berlin_2019.pdf download]== Venue == :::: INTERCONINENTAL BERLIN HOTEL:::: Budapester Str. 2, 10787:::: Berlin, Germany::::[https://targeting-mitochondria.com/venue Hotel and Travel]== Programme ==:::: [https://targeting-mitochondria.com/preliminary-program here]== Speakers == :::: List of speakers can be found [https://targeting-mitochondria.com/speakers-2019 here]== Registration ==:::: [https://targeting-mitochondria.com/registration Registration and more information]tration Registration and more information])
115th International Titisee Conferences Titisee DE + (115th ITC: Evolutionary mitochondrial biology: molecular, biochemical, and metabolic diversity, Titisee, Germany.)
11th Annual Congress of Cardiology 2019 Suzhou CN + (11th Annual Congress of Cardiology, Suzhou, China, 2019)
MiP2015 + (11th Conference on Mitochondrial Physiology, 2015 Sep 07-11, Luční Bouda, Czech Republic.)
Targeting Mitochondria World Congress 2020 Virtual + (11th World Congress on Targeting Mitochond … 11th World Congress on Targeting Mitochondria, Virtual, 2020 == General information == :::: After a long and thorough discussion among the scientific and organizing committees, we have decided to organize our 11th Conference of Targeting Mitochondria, on October 29-30, 2020 as an ONLY Virtual Congress.== Programme ==:::: [https://targeting-mitochondria.com/preliminary-program here]== Speakers == :::: List of speakers can be found [https://targeting-mitochondria.com/speakers here]== Registration ==:::: [https://targeting-mitochondria.com/registration Registration and more information]tration Registration and more information])
11th ÖGMBT Annual Meeting 2019 Salzburg AT + (11th ÖGMBT Annual Meeting - Inside the world of biomolecules, Salzburg, Austria, 2019)
ASMRM 2015 Hangzhou CN + (12th Conference of the Asian Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine - [http://www.ig.zju.edu.cn/ASMRM/EN/ ASMRM 2015], Hangzhou CN)
12th International Conference on Obesity and Eating Disorders 2023 Vienna AT + (12th International Conference on Obesity a … 12th International Conference on Obesity and Eating Disorders, Vienna, Austria, 2023 == General Information == :::: The theme of the conference is "New Emerging Challenges in Obesity and their Prevention"== Venue ==:::: [https://obesity.euroscicon.com/ How to get there]== Program ==:::: Program available [https://obesity.euroscicon.com/program-schedule here]== Organizers ==:::: The list of organizers can be found [https://obesity.euroscicon.com/organizing-committee here]== Registration ==:::: [https://obesity.euroscicon.com/registration Registration and more information]:::: Early registration deadline: 203-01-27:::: Late registration deadline: 2023-04-10::: Late registration deadline: 2023-04-10)
IPC2021 Puerto Varas CL + (12th International Phycological Congress - … 12th International Phycological Congress - IPC2021, Puerte Varas, Chile, 2021 == Venue == ::::[https://ipc2021.com/logistic-information/ Venue and how to get there]== Programme ==:::: [https://ipc2021.com/scientific-program/ here]== Speakers == :::: List of speakers can be found [https://ipc2021.com/invited-speakers/ here]== Organizers ==:::: The list of organizers can be found [https://ipc2021.com/local-organizing-committee-scientific-committee/ here]== Registration ==:::: [https://ipc2021.com/registration-and-registration-fees-submission-of-abstracts/ Registration and more information]tracts/ Registration and more information])
12th ÖGMBT Annual Meeting 2020 Virtual Event + (12th ÖGMBT Annual Meeting - Biomolecules in/for 21st century, Virtual Event, 2020 '''''- Conference will be held via a virtual interactive meeting. Oroboros Instruments will be present with a virtual booth.''''')
Life Sciences Meeting 2018 Innsbruck AT + (13th Life Sciences Meeting, Innsbruck, Aus … 13th Life Sciences Meeting, Innsbruck, Austria, 2018 __TOC__== General information== :::: The coming meeting will take place on the 5th and 6th of April, 2018 in the CCB (Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine) and offers all participants and young researchers the possibility to present their research work in the form of a posters or a short talk. At the end of the event the best presentation will be selected by a professional jury consisting of professors of the Medical University of Innsbruck and the winners will be awarded with a prize. The closure of the meeting will be made by the famous scientist Prof. Jannie Cracking of the Netherland Cancer Institute. The Medical University of Innsbruck is looking forward to welcoming Prof. Cracking as a „Key Note Speaker“. == Venue == :::: Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB):::: Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck:::: [http://biocenter.i-med.ac.at/ Location]== Organizers ==:::: Medical University of Innsbruck==Oroboros presentation ==:::: TALK: Marie Skłodowska-Curie Project '''[[TRANSMIT]]''' [[Bastos Sant'Anna Silva AC|Bastos Sant'Anna Silva Ana Carolina]]: [[Bastos Sant'Anna Silva AC 2018 Life Sciences Meeting 2018 Innsbruck AT|Effect of cell-permeable succinate and malonate prodrugs on mitochondrial respiration in prostate cancer cells]]:::: POSTER: Marie Skłodowska-Curie Project '''[[TRACT]]''' [[Chang Shao-Chiang]]: [[Chang 2018 Life Sciences Meeting 2018 Innsbruck AT|pH dependence of mitochondrial respiration and H2O2 production in oral cancer cells – a pilot study.]]:::: POSTER: K-Regio Project '''[[K-Regio_MitoFit|MitoFit]]''' [[Garcia-Souza LF|Garcia-Souza Luiz]]: [[Garcia-Souza 2018 Life Sciences Meeting 2018 Innsbruck AT|A respirometric cell viability test for peripheral-blood mononuclear cells and platelets]]-Souza 2018 Life Sciences Meeting 2018 Innsbruck AT|A respirometric cell viability test for peripheral-blood mononuclear cells and platelets]])
13th Targeting Mitochondria Congress 2022 Berlin DE + (13th Targeting Mitochondria Congress, Berlin, 2022)
EBSA2021 Vienna AT + (13th congress of EBSA, Vienna, Austria, 2021)
13th ÖGMBT Annual Meeting 2021 Innsbruck AT + (13th ÖGMBT Annual Meeting, Virtual, 2021)
FAOBMB 2015 Hyderabad IN + (14th Congress of the Federation of Asian and Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists (FAOBMB) - [http://www.ccmb.res.in/faobmb2015/ FAOBMB 2015], Hyderabad IN)
EBSA 2023 Stockholm SE + (14th congress of EBSA, Stockholm, Sweden, 2023)
The Power of Metabolism Linking energy supply and demand with contractile function 2017 Weimar DE + (15th Annual Meeting: The Power of Metabolism - Linking energy supply and demand with contractile function, Weimar,)
ASMRM 2018 Busan KR + (15th Conference of the Asian Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Busan, South Korea, 2018.)
16th Chinese Biophysics Congress 2018 Chengdu CH + (16th Chinese Biophysics Congress - Biophysics and human health , Chengdu, China, 2018)
J-mit 2017 Kyoto JP + (17th Annual Conference of Janpanese Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kyoto, Japan)
17th Chinese Biophysics Congress 2019 Tianjin CN + (17th Chinese Biophysics Congress, Tianjin , China, 2019)