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A list of all pages that have property "Description" with value "'''Hydroxylamine''' is an inhibitor of [[catalase]].". Since there have been only a few results, also nearby values are displayed.

Showing below up to 26 results starting with #1.

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  • Flux baseline correction  + ('''Flux baseline correction''' provides th'''Flux baseline correction''' provides the option to display the plot and all values of the [[flux]] (or [[flow]], or [[flux control ratio]]) as the total flux, ''J'', minus a baseline flux, ''J''<sub>0</sub>.</br> ''J<sub>V</sub>''(bc) = ''J<sub>V</sub>'' - ''J<sub>V</sub>''<sub>0</sub></br> ''J<sub>V</sub>'' = (d''c''/d''t'') · ''ν''<sup>-1</sup> · ''SF'' - ''J°<sub>V</sub>''</br>For the oxygen channel, ''J<sub>V</sub>'' is O2 flux per volume [pmol/(s·ml)] (or volume-specific O<sub>2</sub> flux), ''c'' is the oxygen concentration [nmol/ml = µmol/l = µM], d''c''/d''t'' is the (positive) slope of oxygen concentration over time [nmol/(s · ml)], ''ν''<sup>-1</sup> = -1 is the stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction of oxygen consumption (oxygen is removed in the chemical reaction, thus the stoichiometric coefficient is negative, expressing oxygen flux as the negative slope), ''SF''=1,000 is the scaling factor (converting units for the amount of oxygen from nmol to pmol), and ''J°<sub>V</sub>'' is the volume-specific background oxygen flux ([[Instrumental background oxygen flux]]). ''Further details'': [[Flux / Slope]].lope]].)
  • Flux control efficiency  + ('''Flux control efficiencies''' express th'''Flux control efficiencies''' express the control of respiration by a [[metabolic control variable]], ''X'', as a fractional change of flux from ''Y<sub>X</sub>'' to ''Z<sub>X</sub>'', normalized for ''Z<sub>X</sub>''. ''Z<sub>X</sub>'' is the [[reference state]] with high (stimulated or un-inhibited) flux; ''Y<sub>X</sub>'' is the [[background state]] at low flux, upon which ''X'' acts.</br></br>:: ''j<sub>Z-Y</sub>'' = (''Z<sub>X</sub>-Y<sub>X</sub>'')/''Z<sub>X</sub>'' = 1-''Y<sub>X</sub>''/''Z<sub>X</sub>''</br></br>Complementary to the concept of [[flux control ratio]]s and analogous to [[elasticity|elasticities]] of [[metabolic control analysis]], the flux control efficiency of ''X'' upon background ''Y<sub>X</sub>'' is expressed as the change of flux from ''Y<sub>X</sub>'' to ''Z<sub>X</sub>'' normalized for the reference state ''Z<sub>X</sub>''.</br>» [[Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']][Flux_control_efficiency#Flux_control_efficiency:_normalization_of_mitochondrial_respiration | '''MiPNet article''']])
  • Flux control ratio  + ('''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are rat'''Flux control ratios''' ''FCR''s are ratios of oxygen flux in different respiratory control states, normalized for maximum flux in a common reference state, to obtain theoretical lower and upper limits of 0.0 and 1.0 (0 % and 100 %). </br></br>For a given protocol or set of respiratory protocols, flux control ratios provide a fingerprint of coupling and substrate control independent of (''1'') mt-content in cells or tissues, (''2'') purification in preparations of isolated mitochondria, and (''3'') assay conditions for determination of tissue mass or mt-markers external to a respiratory protocol (CS, protein, stereology, etc.). ''FCR'' obtained from a single respirometric incubation with sequential titrations (sequential protocol; [[SUIT|SUIT protocol]]) provide an internal normalization, expressing respiratory control independent of mitochondrial content and thus independent of a marker for mitochondrial amount. ''FCR'' obtained from separate (parallel) protocols depend on equal distribution of subsamples obtained from a homogenous mt-preparation or determination of a common [[mitochondrial marker]].[[mitochondrial marker]].)
  • Flux  + ('''Flux''', ''J'', is a [[specific quantity]]'''Flux''', ''J'', is a [[specific quantity]]. Flux is [[flow]], ''I'' [MU·s<sup>-1</sup> per system] (an [[extensive quantity]]), divided by system size. Flux (''e.g.'', [[oxygen flux]]) may be volume-specific (flow per volume [MU·s<sup>-1</sup>·L<sup>-1</sup>]), mass-specific (flow per mass [MU·s<sup>-1</sup>·kg<sup>-1</sup>]), or marker-specific (e.g. flow per mtEU). The [[motive unit]] [MU] of chemical flow or flux is the advancement of reaction [mol] in the chemical format.ive unit]] [MU] of chemical flow or flux is the advancement of reaction [mol] in the chemical format.)
  • Force  + ('''Force''' is an [[intensive quantity]]'''Force''' is an [[intensive quantity]]. The product of force times [[advancement]] is the [[work]] (exergy) expended in a process or transformation. Force times flow is [[power]] [W].</br># The '''fundamental forces''' '''''F''''' of physics are the gravitational, electroweak (combining electromagnetic and weak nuclear) and strong nuclear forces. These gradient-forces are vectors with spatial direction interacting with the motive particle ''X'', d<sub>'''m'''</sub>'''''F'''''<sub>''X''</sub> [N ≡ J∙m<sup>-1</sup> = m∙kg∙s<sup>-2</sup>]. These forces describe the interaction between particles as [[vector]]s with direction of a [[gradient]] in space, causing a change in the motion ([[acceleration]]) of the particles in the spatial direction of the force. The force acts at a distance, and the distance covered is the advancement. If a force is counteracted by another force of equal magnitude but opposite direction, the accelerating effects of the two forces are balanced such that the velocity of the particle does not change and no work is done beyond the interaction between the two counteracting forces. The total net force is partitioned into ''partial'' forces, and the counteracting force may be called ''resistance''. If the resistance is entirely due to frictional effects, then no work is done and the exergy is completely dissipated.</br># '''Isomorphic forces''' can be derived from (''1'') the fundamental forces or (''2'') statistical distributions if large numbers of particles are involved. The isomorphic forces are known as 'generalized' forces of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. An isomorphic '''motive force''', Δ<sub>tr</sub>''F''<sub>''X''</sub>, in thermodynamics or ergodynamics is the partial Gibbs (Helmholtz) energy change per advancement of a transformation (tr). </br>## In [[continuous system]]s accessible to the analysis of gradients, the '''motive vector forces''', d<sub>'''m'''</sub>'''''F'''''<sub>''X''</sub> (units: newton per amount of particles ''X'' [N∙mol<sup>-1</sup>] or per coulombs of particles [N∙C<sup>-1</sup>]), are vectors interacting with the motive particles ''X''.</br>## In [[discontinuous system]]s that consist of compartments separated by a semipermeable membrane, the '''compartmental motive forces''' are stoichiometric potential differences (∆) across a boundary of zero thickness, distinguished as isomorphic motive forces, ∆<sub>tr</sub>''F''<sub>''X''</sub>, with compartmental instead of spatial direction of the energy transformation, tr. The motive forces are expressed in various [[motive unit]]s, MU [J∙MU<sup>-1</sup>], depending on the energy transformation under study and on the unit chosen to express the motive entity ''X'' and advancement of the process. For the protonmotive force the proton is the motive entity, which can be expressed in a variety of formats with different MU (coulomb, mole, or particle).ntity ''X'' and advancement of the process. For the protonmotive force the proton is the motive entity, which can be expressed in a variety of formats with different MU (coulomb, mole, or particle).)
  • Free activity  + ('''Free activity''' ''α<sub>X</su'''Free activity''' ''α<sub>X</sub>'' [MU·m<sup>-3</sup>] is [[pressure]] divided by isomorphic [[force]]. In the chemical [[amount]] format, ''α<sub>X</sub>'' is expressed in units of concentration of ''X'' [mol·L<sup>-1</sup>]. ''α<sub>X</sub>'' is the local concentration in a concentration gradient. If the concentration gradient is collapsed to a boundary of zero thickness in a compartmental system, ''α<sub>X</sub>'' reflects the singularity in the transition between the two phases or compartments., ''α<sub>X</sub>'' reflects the singularity in the transition between the two phases or compartments.)
  • Fumarase  + ('''Fumarase''' or fumarate hydratase (FH) is an enzyme of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]] catalyzing the equilibrium reaction between [[fumarate]] and [[malate]]. Fumarase is found not only in mitochondria, but also in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotes.)
  • Fura2  + ('''Fura2''' is a ratiometric fluorescence '''Fura2''' is a ratiometric fluorescence probe for the measurement of calcium. Its derivative Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura2-AM) is membrane permable and can thus be used to measure intracellular free calcium concentration (Grynkiewicz et al., 1985). For this purpose, cells are incubated with Fura2-AM, which crosses the cell membrane by diffusion and is cleaved into free Fura2 and acetoxymethyl groups by cellular esterases. Intracellular free calcium is measured by exciting the dye at 340 nm and 380 nm, which are the excitation optima of calcium-bound and free Fura2, respectively, and emission detection above 500 nm. Through the ratiometric detection unequal distribution of the dye within the cell and other potential disturbances are largely cancelled out, making this a widely used and relatively reliable tool for calcium measurements.ly reliable tool for calcium measurements.)
  • Gibbs energy  + ('''Gibbs energy''' ''G'' [J] is [[exergy]]'''Gibbs energy''' ''G'' [J] is [[exergy]] which cannot be created internally (subscript i), but in contrast to [[internal-energy]] (d<sub>i</sub>''U''/d''t'' = 0) is not conserved but is dissipated (d<sub>i</sub>''G''/d''t'' < 0) in irreversible energy transformations at constant temperature and (barometric) pressure, ''T'',''p''. Exergy is available as [[work]] in reversible energy transformations (100 % [[efficiency]]), and can be partially conserved when the [[exergonic]] transformation is coupled to an [[endergonic]] transformation.[[endergonic]] transformation.)
  • Glucose  + ('''Glucose''', also known as D-glucose or dextrose, is a monosaccharide and an important carbohydrate in biology. Cells use it as the primary source of energy and a metabolic intermediate.)
  • Glutamate dehydrogenase  + ('''Glutamate dehydrogenase''', located in '''Glutamate dehydrogenase''', located in the mitochondrial matrix (mtGDH), is an enzyme that converts [[glutamate]] to α-ketoglutarate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase]. mtGDH is not part of the TCA cycle, but is involved in [[glutaminolysis]] as an [[anaplerosis |anaplerotic reaction]].[anaplerosis |anaplerotic reaction]].)
  • Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex  + ('''Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex''''Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex''' (CGpDH) is a Complex of the electron transfer-pathway localized at the outer face of the mt-inner membrane. CGpDH is thus distinguished from cytosolic GpDH. CGpDH oxidizes [[glycerophosphate]] to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds two electrons into the [[Q-junction]], thus linked to an [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].[[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].)
  • Glycerophosphate  + ('''Glycerophosphate''' (synonym: α-glycero'''Glycerophosphate''' (synonym: α-glycerophosphate; glycerol-3-phosphate; C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>9</sub>O<sub>6</sub>P) is an organophosphate and it is a component of glycerophospholipids. The mitochondrial [[Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex]] oxidizes glycerophosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds electrons directly to ubiquinone.hate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and feeds electrons directly to ubiquinone.)
  • H2DCFDA  + ('''H2DCFDA''' (dichlorodihydrofluorescein '''H2DCFDA''' (dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) is a cell permeant fluorescent probe that has been used as an indicator of ROS presence. It is a reduced form of fluorescein that does not present fluorescence. After entry in the cell, it suffers deacetylation by intracellular esterases, and upon oxidation it is converted to dichlorofluorescein (excitation wavelength ~492–495 nm, emission ~517–527 nm). It may be oxidised by hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hypochlorite anion, nitric oxide, peroxyl radical, peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen and superoxide. Has been used as a general indicator of ROS by fluorescence microscopy.dicator of ROS by fluorescence microscopy.)
  • Harmonization  + ('''Harmonization''' is the process of minimizing redundant or conflicting [[standard]]s which may have evolved independently. To obtain a common basis in reaching a defined objective, critical [[requirement]]s are identified that need to be retained.)
  • Harmonized European norm  + ('''Harmonized European norms''' are [[norm]]s valid for all members of the European Union. They are mandatory parts of the individual national collections of norms.)
  • Harmonized SUIT protocols  + ('''Harmonized [[SUIT protocols]]'''Harmonized [[SUIT protocols]]''' (H-SUIT) are designed to include [[cross-linked respiratory states]]. When performing harmonized SUIT protocols in parallel, measurements of cross-linked respiratory states can be statistically evaluated as replicates across protocols. Additional information is obtained on respiratory coupling and substrate control by including respiratory states that are not common (not cross-linked) across the harmonized protocols.s-linked) across the harmonized protocols.)
  • Healthy ageing  + ('''Healthy ageing''': 'WHO has released th'''Healthy ageing''': 'WHO has released the first World report on ageing and health, reviewing current knowledge and gaps and providing a public health framework for action. The report is built around a redefinition of healthy ageing that centres on the notion of functional ability: the combination of the intrinsic capacity of the individual, relevant environmental characteristics, and the interactions between the individual and these characteristics' (Beard 2016 The Lancet). characteristics' (Beard 2016 The Lancet).)
  • Heat  + ('''Heat''' is a form of [[energy]]'''Heat''' is a form of [[energy]] [J]. The relationship between heat and [[work]] provides the foundation of thermodynamics, which describes transformations from an initial to a final state of a system. In energy transformations heat may pass through the boundary of the system, at an external heat flow of d<sub>e</sub>''Q''/d''t''.al heat flow of d<sub>e</sub>''Q''/d''t''.)
  • Heterothermy  + ('''Heterothermy''' is the variable regulat'''Heterothermy''' is the variable regulation of body temperature in [[endothermy | endotherms]] which can change their body temperatures as levels of activity and environmental conditions dictate (e.g. hibernators). In '''regional heterothermy''', temperature gradients are present, e.g. between body core and extremeties.t, e.g. between body core and extremeties.)
  • Homeothermy  + ('''Homeothermy''' is the stable regulation of body temperature in [[endothermy | endotherms]] by metabolic heat production and control of heat exchange with the environment, or in [[ectotherms]] by behavioural means to select a stable thermal environment.)
  • Horseradish peroxidase  + ('''Horseradish peroxidase''' readily combines with hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and the resultant [HRP-H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>] complex can oxidize a wide variety of hydrogen donors.)
  • Hydrogen sulfide  + ('''Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)''' is involved in signaling and may have have further biological importance.)
  • Hydron  + ('''Hydron''' is the general name for the cation H<sup>+</sup> used without regard to the nuclear mass of the hydrogen entity (H is the hydro group), either for H in its natural abundance or without distinction between the isotopes.)
  • Hydroxycinnamate  + ('''Hydroxycinnamate''' (alpha-cyano-4-hydr'''Hydroxycinnamate''' (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) is an inhibitor of the [[pyruvate carrier]] (0.65 mM). Above 10 mM [[pyruvate]], hydroxycinnamate cannot inhibit respiration from pyruvate, since the weak pyruvic acid can pass the inner mt-membrane in non-dissociated form.inner mt-membrane in non-dissociated form.)
  • Hydroxylamine  + ('''Hydroxylamine''' is an inhibitor of [[catalase]].)
  • Hyperoxia  + ('''Hyperoxia''' is defined as environmenta'''Hyperoxia''' is defined as environmental oxygen pressure above the [[normoxic]] reference level. Cellular and intracellular hyperoxia is imposed on isolated cells and isolated mitochondria at air-level oxygen pressures which are higher compared to cellular and intracellular oxygen pressures under tissue conditions in vivo. Hyperoxic conditions may impose oxidative stress and may increase maximum aerobic performance. may increase maximum aerobic performance.)
  • Hyperthermia  + ('''Hyperthermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]]'''Hyperthermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]] is a state of stressful up to lethal elevated body core temperature. In humans, the limit of hyperthermia (fever) is considered as >38.3 °C, compared to [[normothermia]] at a body temperature of 36.5 to 37.5 °C.[normothermia]] at a body temperature of 36.5 to 37.5 °C.)
  • Hyphenation  + ('''Hyphenation''' is used to connect two w'''Hyphenation''' is used to connect two words (compound words) or two parts of a word to clarify the meaning of a sentence. The same two words may be hyphenated or not depending on context. Hyphenation may present a problem when searching for a term such as '[[Steady state]]'. It is helpful to write 'steady-state measurement', to clarify that the measurement is performed at steady state, rather than implying that a state measurement is steady. But this does not imply that hyphenation is applied to the 'measurement performed at steady state'. Thus, the key word is '[[steady state]]'. Compound adjectives should be hyphenated (steady-state measurement), but if the compound adjective follows the term (measurement at steady state), hyphenation does not add any information and should be avoided. Find more examples and guidelines in the [https://www.grammarly.com/blog/hyphen/ grammarly blog on Hyphen] and in [https://apastyle.apa.org/learn/faqs/when-use-hyphen apastyle.apa.org].rn/faqs/when-use-hyphen apastyle.apa.org].)
  • Hypothermia  + ('''Hypothermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]]'''Hypothermia''' in [[endothermy | endotherms]] is a state of stressful up to lethal low body core temperature. In humans, the limit of hypothermia is considered as 35 °C, compared to [[normothermia]] at a body temperature of 36.5 to 37.5 °C. Hypothermia is classified as mild (32–35 °C), moderate (28–32 °C), severe (20–28 °C), and profound (<20 °C). severe (20–28 °C), and profound (<20 °C).)
  • Hypoxia  + ('''Hypoxia''' (hypox) is defined in respir'''Hypoxia''' (hypox) is defined in respiratory physiology as the state when insufficient O<sub>2</sub> is available for respiration, compared to ''environmental'' hypoxia defined as environmental oxygen pressures below the [[normoxic]] reference level. Three major categories of hypoxia are (''1'') environmental hypoxia, (''2'') physiological tissue hypoxia in hyperactivated states (e.g. at ''V''<sub>O<sub>2</sub>max</sub>) with intracellular oxygen demand/supply balance at steady state in tissues at environmental normoxia, compared to tissue normoxia in physiologically balanced states, and (''3'') pathological tissue hypoxia including ischemia and stroke, anaemia, chronic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe COVID-19, and obstructive sleep apnea. Pathological hypoxia leads to tissue hypoxia and heterogenous intracellular anoxia. Clinical oxygen treatment ('environmental hyperoxia') may not or only partially overcome pathological tissue hypoxia.al hyperoxia') may not or only partially overcome pathological tissue hypoxia.)
  • ISO 10012:2003 Measurement management systems  + ('''ISO 10012:2003 Measurement management s'''ISO 10012:2003 Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment''': An effective measurement management system ensures that measuring equipment and measurement processes are fit for their intended use and is important in achieving product quality objectives and managing the risk of incorrect measurement results. The objective of a measurement management system is to manage the risk that measuring equipment and measurement processes could produce incorrect results affecting the quality of an organization’s product. The methods used for the measurement management system range from basic equipment verification to the application of statistical techniques in the measurement process control.niques in the measurement process control.)
  • ISO 13528:2015 Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison  + ('''ISO 13528:2015 Statistical methods for '''ISO 13528:2015 Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison''': Proficiency testing involves the use of interlaboratory comparisons to determine the performance of participants (which may be laboratories, inspection bodies, or individuals) for specific tests or measurements, and to monitor their continuing performance. There are a number of typical purposes of proficiency testing [[ISO/IEC 17043 General requirements for proficiency testing |ISO/IEC 17043:2010]]. These include the evaluation of laboratory performance, the identification of problems in laboratories, establishing effectiveness and comparability of test or measurement methods, the provision of additional confidence to laboratory customers, validation of uncertainty claims, and the education of participating laboratories. The statistical design and analytical techniques applied must be appropriate for the stated purpose(s). be appropriate for the stated purpose(s).)
  • ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories — Particular requirements for quality and competence  + ('''ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories — P'''ISO 15189:2012 Medical laboratories — Particular requirements for quality and competence''': This International Standard is for use by medical laboratories in developing their quality management systems and assessing their own competence, and for use by accreditation bodies in confirming or recognising the competence of medical laboratories. While this International Standard is intended for use throughout the currently recognised disciplines of medical laboratory services, those working in other services and disciplines could also find it useful and appropriate.could also find it useful and appropriate.)
  • ISO 17511:2003 In vitro diagnostic medical devices  + ('''ISO 17511:2003 In vitro diagnostic medi'''ISO 17511:2003 In vitro diagnostic medical devices -- Measurement of quantities in biological samples -- Metrological traceability of values assigned to calibrators and control materials''': For measurements of quantities in laboratory medicine, it is essential that the quantity is adequately defined and that the results reported to the physicians or other health care personel and patients are adequately accurate (true and precise) to allow correct medical interpretation and comparability over time and space.ion and comparability over time and space.)
  • ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems - requirements  + ('''ISO 9001:2015 Quality management system'''ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems - requirements''': The adoption of a quality management system is a strategic decision for an organization that can help to improve its overall performance and provide a sound basis for sustainable development initiatives. Consistently meeting requirements and addressing future needs and expectations poses a challenge for organizations in an increasingly dynamic and complex environment. To achieve this objective, the organization might find it necessary to adopt various forms of improvement in addition to correction and continual improvement, such as breakthrough change, innovation and re-organization.gh change, innovation and re-organization.)
  • ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Competence of testing and calibration laboratories  + ('''ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General requirements'''ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories''': The use of this International Standard will facilitate cooperation between laboratories and other bodies, and assist in the exchange of information and experience, and in the harmonization of standards and procedures. This International Standard specifies the general requirements for the competence to carry out tests and/or calibrations, including sampling. It covers testing and calibration performed using standard methods, non-standard methods, and laboratory-developed methods.methods, and laboratory-developed methods.)
  • ISO/IEC 17043:2010 General requirements for proficiency testing  + ('''ISO/IEC 17043:2010 Conformity assessmen'''ISO/IEC 17043:2010 Conformity assessment — General requirements for proficiency testing''': The use of interlaboratory comparisons is increasing internationally. This International Standard provides a consistent basis to determine the competence of organizations that provide proficiency testing.izations that provide proficiency testing.)
  • Iconic symbols  + ('''Iconic symbols''' are used in [[ergodynamics]]'''Iconic symbols''' are used in [[ergodynamics]] to indicate more explicitely — compared to standard SI or IUPAC symbols — the quantity represented and some boundary conditions. This is particularly the case in normalized quantities (ratios of quantities). Iconic (or canonical) symbols help to clarify the meaning, are based on SI and IUPAC symbols as far as possible, and may be translated into more commonly used, practical symbols. Several ambiguities in SI and IUPAC symbols are eliminated by the systematic structure of iconic symbols, but it may be impossible to avoid all ambiguities, particulary when long (canonical) symbols are abbreviated in a particular context. Clarity is improved always by showing the unit of a quantity together with the symbol of the quantity. Iconic symbols cannot be identical with IUPAC symbols when a different definition is used — this would add to the confusion. For example, the IUPAC symbols ''n''<sub>B</sub> [mol] and ''V''<sub>B</sub> [m<sup>3</sup>] denote amount and volume of B. Consequently, it should be expected, that the symbol ''Q''<sub>B</sub> indicates charge of B [C]. However, the IUPAC symbol ''Q''<sub>B</sub> is used for particle charge per ion B [C·x<sup>-1</sup>]. This prohibits a consistent definition of ''Q''<sub>B</sub> as a potential iconic symbol for charge carried by a given quantity of ions B with unit [C], instead of particle charge per ion B with unit [C·x<sup>-1</sup>]. Hence, the conventional ambigous system forces compatible iconic symbols to be more complicated, using ''Q''<sub>elB</sub> [C] and ''Q''<sub>''<u>N</u>''B</sub> [C·x<sup>-1</sup>] to distinguish charge of B from charge per elementary B. ''Q''<sub>''<u>n</u>''B</sub> [C·mol<sup>-1</sup>] is charge per molar amount of B.'B</sub> [C·x<sup>-1</sup>] to distinguish charge of B from charge per elementary B. ''Q''<sub>''<u>n</u>''B</sub> [C·mol<sup>-1</sup>] is charge per molar amount of B.)
  • Impact factor  + ('''Impact factor''' is a measure of a scie'''Impact factor''' is a measure of a scientific journal's citations per publication. The Journal Citation Reports, maintained by Clarivate Analytics, provides the calculated impact factors. The IF is frequently used as an indicator of a journal's importance or prestige, which is nowadays increasingly contested. which is nowadays increasingly contested.)
  • Inorganic phosphate  + ('''Inorgnic phosphate''' (P<sub>i</sub>) is a salt of phosphoric acid. In solution near physiological pH, the species HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> dominate. ''See also'': [[Phosphate carrier]] (Pic).)
  • Oxygen flux - instrumental background  + ('''Instrumental background oxygen flux''','''Instrumental background oxygen flux''', ''J''°<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>, in a respirometer is due to oxygen consumption by the [[POS]], and oxygen diffusion into or out of the aqueous medium in the [[O2k-chamber]]. It is a property of the instrumental system, measured in the range of experimental oxygen levels by a standardized instrumental O<sub>2</sub> background test. The oxygen regime from air saturation towards zero oxygen is applied generally in experiments with isolated mitochondria, and living or permeabilized cells. To overcome oxygen diffusion limitation in permeabilized fibers and homogenates, an elevated oxygen regime is applied, requiring instrumental background test in the same range of elevated oxygen., requiring instrumental background test in the same range of elevated oxygen.)
  • Integration time  + ('''Integration time''' is the time taken t'''Integration time''' is the time taken to scan a single full range spectrum using [[photodiode arrays]]. It is equivalent to the exposure time for a camera. The shortest integration time defines the fastest response time of a [[spectrophotometer]]. Increasing the integration time increases the [[sensitivity]] of the device. The [[white balance]] or [[balance]] and subsequent measurements must always be carried out at the same integration time. carried out at the same integration time.)
  • Internal-energy  + ('''Internal-energy''', ''U'' [J], can neit'''Internal-energy''', ''U'' [J], can neither be destroyed nor created (first law of thermodynamics: d<sub>i</sub>''U''/d''t'' = 0). Note that ''internal'' (subscript i), as opposed to ''external'' (subscript e), must be distinguished from "internal-energy", ''U'', which contrasts with "[[Helmholtz energy]]", ''A'', as [[enthalpy]], ''H'', contrasts with Gibbs energy, ''G''.[[enthalpy]], ''H'', contrasts with Gibbs energy, ''G''.)
  • International oxygraph course  + ('''International Oxygraph Course''' (IOC), see [[O2k-Workshops]].)
  • Ionomycin  + ('''Ionomycin''' (Imy) is a ionophore used to raise intracellular [Ca<sup>2+</sup>].)
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase  + ('''Isocitrate dehydrogenase''' forms 2-oxoglutarate from isocitrate in the [[TCA cycle]].)
  • Isolated mitochondria  + ('''Isolated mitochondria''', imt, are mitochondria separated from a tissue or cells by breaking the plasma membranes and attachments to the cytoskeleton, followed by centrifugation steps to separate the mitochondria from other components.)
  • Journal indexing  + ('''Journal indexing''' allows publications to be found on search tools/databases. Each database might have different criteria of inclusion.)
  • Keywords-MitoPedia in BEC  + ('''Keywords—MitoPedia''' is the concept to'''Keywords—MitoPedia''' is the concept to link keywords in articles published in [[Bioenergetics Communications]] (BEC) to [[MitoPedia]] terms. Authors should consider the message in the selected keywords. Provide consistent definitions of your keywords by linking them to MitoPedia. Extend MitoPedia entries critically by your contributions. The BEC editorial team will hyperlink your keywords with MitoPedia, and a reference to your BEC publication will be generated automatically from the MitoPedia term to your publication. With your contributions, BEC elevates keywords to terms with meaning. Your article gains visibility.th meaning. Your article gains visibility.)
  • Kynurenine hydroxylase  + ('''Kynurenine hydroxylase''' (kynurenine 3'''Kynurenine hydroxylase''' (kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Kynurenine hydroxylase catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-kynurenine + NADPH + H<sup>+</sup> + O<sub>2</sub> ↔ 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O</br>Kynurenine hydroxylase belongs to the family of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with O<sub>2</sub> as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O<sub>2</sub> with [[NADH]] or [[NADPH]] as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism. It employs one cofactor, [[FAD]].FAD]].)